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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 6 features of effective vaccines?
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Safe, protective, sustained, induces neutralizing antibodies and/or t cells, practical and provides herd immunity
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Describe "herd immunity."
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Protection is conferred on the unvaccinated in a population when a certain threshold number of individuals are vaccinated
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What are 4 features of passive immunization?
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No new immune response, immediate protection, no memory or secondary response and occurs naturally with maternal antibodies
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What are 4 features of active immunization?
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New immune response, delayed protection, memory, occurs naturally with infection
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What is the purpose of giving a mother anti-Rh-IgG?
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To prevent her immune system from destroying the fetal erythrocytes (occurs in some second and subsequent pregnancies)
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What happens if the mother's immune system is triggered by anti-Rh IgG?
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The infant's erythrocytes are destroyed and the child is born anemic
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List 4 types of "live attenuated vaccines."
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Smallpos, measles, rubella and mumps
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What is the main type of "killed (whole organism) vaccine?"
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influenza
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List 3 types of "subunit or recombinant vaccines."
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hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and H. influenzae type b
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What is the main type of "toxoid (denatured toxins) vaccine?"
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tetanus
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What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?
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to increase their efficacy
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What is the only adjuvant approved for use in humans?
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alum (aluminum phosphate)
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How does alum help in increasing vaccine efficacy?
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by activating inflammatory immune responses (especially IL1)
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How can vaccination with cowpox virus help protect against smallpox?
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the cow pox and smallpox viruses share some surface antigens
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How are toxins turned into toxoids?
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by removing the portion that is toxic and leaving behind the antigenic determinants
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What do attenuated or live-attenuated vaccines contain?
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replication-competent, but avirulent viruses
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Who must avoid the use of attenuated or live-attenuated vaccines?
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pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals
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How do conjugate vaccines work?
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B cells bind bacterial polysaccharide component and T cells bind toxoid. B cells become activated and produce antipolysaccharide antibodies that bind to the bacteria.
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What is an example of a disease that after passive immunization will show diminished disease expression?
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Rabies
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Can cancers be prevented by vaccination?
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YES!
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What are two types of cancer that can be prevented by vaccination?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV) and Cervical cancer
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What are 2 common adverse events associated with vaccination?
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risk of active disease in immunocompromised patients and pever in 5-50% of patients
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What is a spurious about the MMR vacciantion?
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it was though to be associated with autism, but recent studies refuted this theory
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Is chicken pox a harmless illness?
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NO! 4000 hospitalizations and 50-100 deaths/year in otherwise health children
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When vaccination rates decline, what happens to incidence of the disease?
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it goes up
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Can the immune system get "overloaded" by too many vaccines?
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NO!
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What are the 4 types of vaccines?
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subunit, live + attenuated, killed organism and toxoid
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What are the 2 types of immunity?
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innate and acquired
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What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?
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passive and active
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