The Immune Response

Front 1

Define immunology.

Back 1

The study of the body's defence against infection.

Front 2

What are the 5 functions if the immune system?

Back 2

1. Detects infections' presence

2. Contains/eliminates infection

3. Regulates immune system

4. Memory

5. Immune-complex Disposal

Hint 2

1. Immunological recognition

2. Communication & eliminate infection

3. Regulation

4. Faster response 2nd time

5. Viruses

Front 3

List some pathogens.

Back 3

1. DNA virus

2. Bacteria

3. Protozoa

4. Worms

5. Fungi

6. RNA virus

Hint 3

1. D

2. B

3. P

4. Helminth

5. F

6. R

Front 4

List some areas that are susceptible to infection.

Back 4

1. Urogenital Tract

2. Gastrointestinal Tract

3. Respiratory Tract

4. Skin: wounds and bites

Hint 4

1. Wee

2. Stomach

3. Lungs

4. Flesh

Front 5

What is Innate (natural/native) Immunity? It is...

Triggers...

Back 5

1. The first line of defence

2. Non-specific for pathogens and fixed (same response)

3. The adaptive immune system

Hint 5

1. 1st

2. Specificity & fixed response

3. Other system?

Front 6

What is the Adaptive Immune (acquired/specific) system? It includes...

Back 6

1. 2nd and slower response to invasion.

2. Cells and molecules that are specific for a particular pathogen.

Hint 6

1. Response to

2. Specificity?

Front 7

What is the role of the Adaptive Immune system's memory cells?

Back 7

1. It improves the body's response with subsequent challenges.

2. Triggers the innate immune response

Hint 7

1. Vaccination

2. Triggers

Front 8

What are the differences between the Innate and Adaptive Immune systems?

Back 8

1. I: fast & A: slow

2. I: non-specific & A: specific

3. I: fixed & A: responsive

Hint 8

1. Speed

2. Specificity for the pathogen?

3. Same response or different?

Front 9

What are the 4 Innate Defences?

Back 9

1. Inflammatory barriers

2. Phagocytic barriers

3. Physiological barriers

4. Anatomical barriers

Hint 9

1. Rubor, Calor, Dolor, Tumor

2. WBC

3. Temperature, pH, chemicals & complements

4. Skin and Mucous membranes

Front 10

Define inflammation.

Back 10

A localised physical condition in which a part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot and painful. (A reaction to injury/infection)

Hint 10

Redness That Doesn't Cease

+ Loss of function

Front 11

What are the 4 roles of the Complement System?

Back 11

1. Lysis of cells

2. Opsonisation

3. Activation of inflammatory response

4. Clearance of immune complexes

Hint 11

1. Rupture of cell wall/membrane.

2. Make more susceptible to phagocytosis

3. I response

4. I complexes

Front 12

What is the function of Anaphylotoxins and how are they produce?

Back 12

1. They release histamines & other mediators of hypersensitivity from basophils & mast cells.

2. They're produced by complement activation

Hint 12

1. Lead to anaphylaxis

2. Type of protein

Front 13

Define Anaphylaxis.

Back 13

An acute allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive to.

Hint 13

E.g. A bee sting

Without IgE involvement

Front 14

What are involved in the Adaptive Immune system's Humoral and Cell-mediated Responses?

Back 14

1. H: B-lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, memory cells & antibodies.

2. C: T-lymphocytes, T-helper cells, Cytotoxic T cells

Hint 14

1. Humoral response: relating to body fluids (lymph, plasma, blood)

2. Cell mediated loves T

Front 15

What are the functions of Immunoglobulins?

Back 15

1. Bind to pathogen's antigen

2. Recruits innate immune system

3. Activates Complement System

4. Guards susceptible sites

Hint 15

1. Bind to?

2. I I system

3. Comp

4. Guards

Front 16

What are some susceptible sites?

Back 16

1. Epithelial surfaces

2. Foetus

3. Mast cell activation

Hint 16

1. Epi

2. Baby

3. Mast

Front 17

What is Cell-mediated Immunity?

Back 17

1. Immune Response that doesn't involve antibiotics or antibodies.

2. It involves activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes & cytokine release.

Hint 17

Ant? Fag? T? Cytokine?

1. What doesn't it involve?

2. Response to antigen

Front 18

What is Humoral immunity?

Back 18

Immunity mediated by macromolecules: Antibody production, Th2 activation, cytokine production, germinal centre formation, memory cell generation, pathogen neutralisation, complement activation, opsonin phagocytosis.

Hint 18

Ant? Cytokine? Secondary lymphoid organs? Mem? Path? Comp? Opson?

Front 19

What are the initiators of Inflammation?

Back 19

1. Cytokines

2. Chemokines

Hint 19

1. Any protein secreted by cells & affect the behaviour of other nearby cells with appropriate receptors.

2. Secreted proteins attracting cells out of the bloodstream into affected tissue, with appropriate receptors.

Front 20

What are the steps of Inflammation?

Back 20

1. Macrophage spots bacteria.

2. The endothelium becomes leaky.

3. Leukocytes, complement proteins & antibodies leak out of the blood vessel.

4. Antibodies & complement proteins bind to bacterium.

Hint 20

1. It then releases cytokines.

2. Leukocytes (WBCs) stick to the endothelium.

3. Leaking out of blood vessel

4. Bind to bacterium

Front 21

What are the 5 kinds of cells that make up the Innate Immune System?

Back 21

1. Phagocytes

2. Natural Killer Cells

3. Eosinophils

4. Basophils

5. Mast Cells

Hint 21

1. Engulf and digest

2. Kill virus-infected cells

3. Help against Helminth

4. Least common & Secrete histamine n stuff

5. Formation of cytokines & eicosanoids

Front 22

What are the 3 protein classes that make up the Innate Immune System?

Back 22

1. Complement proteins

2. Interferons

3. Acute Phase Proteins

Hint 22

1. C

2. I

3. Acute

Front 23

Name the main phagocytes.

Back 23

1. Neutrophils

2. Macrophages

Hint 23

1. Most common WBC, destroys with highly reactive oxygen & nitrogen.

2. Microglia in brain, Kupffer cells in liver, Mesangial cells in kidneys.

Front 24

What is the function of Neutrophils? (Outline the journey)

Back 24

They pass from the blood to the intercellular space via diapedesis & phagocytose pathogenic bacteria.

Hint 24

From where to where?

Name of a process.

Action?

Front 25

What is the function of a macrophage?

Development?

Back 25

1. Detects, engulfs and destroys pathogens and apoptotic cells via phagocytosis.

2. Start as Monocytes in the bone marrow, differentiating after migration

Hint 25

Also phagocytoses particulate matter from lymph nodes.

Note: They live longer than neutrophils (48hrs vs years) and can present MHC to T-lymphocytes.

Front 26

What is the function of Natural Killer Cells?

Back 26

Triggers apoptosis in virus-infected cells before the virus has had time to replicate & infect neighbouring cells.

Hint 26

NKC are large granular lymphocytes.

Front 27

What's the difference between Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells?

Back 27

NKC don't need prior sensitization and they mature in the secondary lymphoid tissue.

Hint 27

Sensitization and maturation

Front 28

What is a Major Histo-compatibility Complex (MHC)? Function?

Back 28

1. The Cell surface markers of Host Cells.

2. Allows Immune-System cells to distinguish between host cells and invading pathogens.

Hint 28

Markers for distinguishing

Front 29

Where is Interferon Type I secreted and what is its function?

Back 29

1. Secreted into EC fluid when a cell is infected by a virus

2. Prevents spread by reducing mRNA translation rate in neighbouring cells

Hint 29

1. Extracellular

2. Spread

Front 30

Where is Interferon Type II secreted and what is its function?

Back 30

1. Secreted by activated NKC & certain T-cells

2. Activates Macrophages

Hint 30

1. Bond & tea

2. Microwave

Front 31

What is the function of an Eosinophil?

Back 31

Secretes perforins, peroxidases and Phospholipase D to combat Helminth (worm) infections and parasites.

Hint 31

Combats threats that are too large to phagocytose.

Note: Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin kills nerve cells in invading parasites.

Front 32

What is the function of Mast Cells?

Back 32

1. Activation leads to cytokines & eicosanoid formation which recruits eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes.

2. Release histamine in acute inflammation.

Hint 32

Prostaglandin and related compounds are known as eicosanoids.

Think of it as a seeker on the mast of a ship!

Front 33

What are Mast Cells activated by?

Back 33

1. Direct Injury

2. IgE

3. Complements C3a & C5a for degranulation

Hint 33

1. Fracture is an example of...

2. Immunoglobulin

3. Comp for...

Front 34

What is the function of a Basophil? Also it promotes...

Back 34

1. Basophils secrete histamine & leukotriene C4, attracting Eosinophils and Neutrophils.

2. The development of naive T-cells into T-helper cells.

Hint 34

1. leukotriene is a metabolite of Arachidonic Acid.

2. Naive to helpers

Front 35

What are Basophils stimulated by?

Back 35

1. Cytokines

2. IgE

3. Proteases

4. Antigens associated with parasites

Hint 35

1. Communication molecules

2. Immunoglobulin

3. Protein enzymes

4. Ant par

Front 36

Cells of the Adaptive/Acquired Immune system are...

Back 36

Lymphocytes

Hint 36

Lymphoid

Front 37

Define Primary Lymphoid Tissue.

Back 37

The tissue where lymphocytes nature.

Hint 37

I.e. Bone marrow and the Thymus; b/t-lymphocytes

Front 38

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue is...

Back 38

The Lymph nodes, Spleen and other Lymphoid Tissue.

Hint 38

This is where lymphocytes chill!

Front 39

What are the 2 lymphocyte classes, where do they mature and what are their functions?

Back 39

1. B-Cells: Bone marrow; secrete antibodies

2. T-Cells: Mature in Thymus gland; secrete cytokines, Cytotoxic substances or both.

Hint 39

1. Think of letters,

2. Killer/communicator

Front 40

How do lymphocytes respond to a pathogenic antigen?

Back 40

By proliferating via mitosis to produce many clones.

Hint 40

Note: individual lymphocytes respond only to one antigen when it binds to their plasma membrane

Front 41

What is the general functions of antibodies?

Back 41

1. Bind to an antigen

2. To elicit a response: removal of antigen from the body

Hint 41

1. Bind to...

2. Removal of...

Front 42

Some cells continue to proliferate and carry out their function, others...

Back 42

Remain in Lymphoid Tissue as memory cells. They are able to respond to the same antigen quickly.

Hint 42

Memory

Front 43

What is immunological surveillance?

Back 43

Lymphocytes continuously circulate throughout tissue.

Front 44

What is the typical journey of a lymphocyte? How do lymphocytes pass into Efferent Lymphatic?

Back 44

1. Lymph Node; Efferent Lymphatic; Thoracic Duct; Blood (through tissue n back to node)

2. Afferent Lymphatic Vessels or directly from postcapillary venules.

Hint 44

1. Node; Blood

2. Afferent and venules

Front 45

Outline Diapedesis.

Back 45

1. Cells adhere to the cell's blood vessel's wall.

2. Then they flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells and move into surrounding tissue.

Hint 45

1. Action of cytokine, selectin and Integrin

2. Happens in neutrophils and lymphocytes

Front 46

What is a plasma cell? Function?

Back 46

1. An activated B-lymphocyte with expanded cytoplasm & ribosome amount.

2. The site of antibody production

Hint 46

1. B-cell

2. Same specificity as receptor

Front 47

Describe the general components of antibody structure. (2x light and heavy chains, using Greek alphabet)

Back 47

1. Fab: highly variable region permitting antibody to bind to one particular antigen.

2. Fc: recognises particles that have been coated by antibodies

3. Fab & Fc are linked via hinge region.

Hint 47

1. Fragment Antigen Region

2. Fragment Crystallisable

3. F: Flexible, attachment separates antigens on microbe's surface.

Front 48

What is the location and structure of IgA?

Back 48

1. Saliva, bile and Colostrum

2. A dimer when secreted, has a J-bond connect the 2 Y-monomers together.

Hint 48

1. Spit, alkaline and 1st week of milk.

2. 2x light chain & 2x alpha heavy chain

Front 49

What is the function of IgD? Structure?

Back 49

1. A cell surface receptor on B-cells when migrating to secondary lymphoid tissue.

2. 2x light and delta heavy chains

Hint 49

1. B-cell's activation though not fully understood

2. Delta

Front 50

What is the function and structure of IgG?

Back 50

1. Agluttination, insinuation of pathogens and activated classical pathway of complement system.

2. 2x light and gamma heavy chains

Hint 50

1. Created and released by plasma cells, therefore mostly on secondary immune response.

2. The most abundant in plasma.

3. Small enough to pass into the placenta

Front 51

What is the function and structure of IgM?

Back 51

1. Activates Complements. Also, it forms part of B-Cell's receptor with D1.

2. In blood it has a pentamer shape with 4 disulphide and 1 J-bond

Hint 51

1. Comp and receptor

2. 2x light and Mew heavy chains

Front 52

What is the function and structure of IgE?

Back 52

1. Binds to Fc receptors of Basophil and Mast calls for inflammatory response.

2. 2x light and epsilon heavy chain

Hint 52

1. Especially important in worm/Helminth combat

Front 53

How can you deduce the heavy chain type of Immunoglobulins?

Back 53

The last letter has a Greek equivalent.

Hint 53

IgA is Alpha, d is Delta, g is Gamma, m is Mew, e is Epsilon

Front 54

Define Plasma Cell

Back 54

A fully differentiated B-lymphocyte which produces a single type of antibody.

Hint 54

Committed