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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of blood?
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Transport medium
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What two types of tissue is blood?
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regulatory and protective tissue
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* Viscosity
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The resistance to flow and alteration of shape due to cohesion
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How much more viscous is blood than water?
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Five times
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Which is denser, blood or water?
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Blood
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What is the pH range of blood?
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7.35 - 7.45
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How much blood does a normal adult have?
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About five liters
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*Plasma
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The fluid portion of the blood, which is mostly water
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*Formed elements of blood
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The cells and cell parts of blood produced by the bone marrow
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what are the three basic types of protein in blood?
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Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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albumin
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the protein in plasma that regulates the movement of water between tissues and blood
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Globulins
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Proteins in plasma which are responsible for fighting off infections
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*Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells which carry the oxygen in blood
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*Leukocxytes
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White blood cells which perform various defensive functions in blood
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*Platelets
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Cell fragments in blood which help prevent blood loss
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What are the two things that compose blood?
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Plasma and formed elements
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Most of plasma is composed of…
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Water
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Most of the formed elements of blood are composed of…
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Erythrocytes
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hemoglobin
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the protein/iron complex in erythrocytes which carries oxygen
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How many globins are ina hemoglobin?
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Four
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When a hemoglobin is fully 'loaded' with oxygen, what are its different parts?
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hemes, globins, iron atoms, and oxygen
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anemia
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the result of a lack of sifficient oxygen carrying capacity by the blood, caused by either a lack of red blood cells or a lack of hemoglobin
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hematocrit
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a blood test which finds out if someone is anemic
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Amoeboid movement
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movement by pushing out an extension (pseudopod) and then flowing into it
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*Diapedesis
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Passage of any formed element of blood through the blood vessel and into the tissue spaces
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Chemotaxis
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Attraction of cells to chemical stimuli
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What are the two divisions of leucocytes?
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes
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Leukocytes that have vesicles filled with a substance that stains easily
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Agranulocytes
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Leukocytes that have vesicles that are relatively small and not easily stained
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What are the three types of Granulocytes?
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Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil
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What is the function of blood?
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Transport medium
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What two types of tissue is blood?
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regulatory and protective tissue
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* Viscosity
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The resistance to flow and alteration of shape due to cohesion
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How much more viscous is blood than water?
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Five times
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Which is denser, blood or water?
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Blood
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What is the pH range of blood?
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7.35 - 7.45
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|
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How much blood does a normal adult have?
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About five liters
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*Plasma
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The fluid portion of the blood, which is mostly water
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*Formed elements of blood
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The cells and cell parts of blood produced by the bone marrow
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what are the three basic types of protein in blood?
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Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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albumin
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the protein in plasma that regulates the movement of water between tissues and blood
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Globulins
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Proteins in plasma which are responsible for fighting off infections
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*Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells which carry the oxygen in blood
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*Leukocxytes
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White blood cells which perform various defensive functions in blood
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*Platelets
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Cell fragments in blood which help prevent blood loss
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What are the two things that compose blood?
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Plasma and formed elements
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|
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Most of plasma is composed of…
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Water
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Most of the formed elements of blood are composed of…
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Erythrocytes
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hemoglobin
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the protein/iron complex in erythrocytes which carries oxygen
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How many globins are ina hemoglobin?
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Four
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When a hemoglobin is fully 'loaded' with oxygen, what are its different parts?
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hemes, globins, iron atoms, and oxygen
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anemia
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the result of a lack of sifficient oxygen carrying capacity by the blood, caused by either a lack of red blood cells or a lack of hemoglobin
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|
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hematocrit
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a blood test which finds out if someone is anemic
|
|
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Amoeboid movement
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movement by pushing out an extension (pseudopod) and then flowing into it
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*Diapedesis
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Passage of any formed element of blood through the blood vessel and into the tissue spaces
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Chemotaxis
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Attraction of cells to chemical stimuli
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What are the two divisions of leucocytes?
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes
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Leukocytes that have vesicles filled with a substance that stains easily
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Agranulocytes
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Leukocytes that have vesicles that are relatively small and not easily stained
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What are the three types of Granulocytes?
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Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil
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What are the two types of agranulocytes?
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Lymphocyte and monocyte
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Neutrophil
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The most common type of leucocyte, they fight infections by phagocytosis. They can devour about 10 bacteria before they die
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Basophil
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The rarest type of leucocyte, they release histamine and heparin in an allergic reaction
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Eosinophil
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Leucocytes that increase in number during allergic reactions, decreasing inflammation, and increase during parasitic infections
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Lymphocyte
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Leucocytes that produce antibodies
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Monocyte
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Leucocytes that are very large and very uncommon; they destroy invading organisms and foreign material through phagocytosis, being able to devour about 100 bacteriae before they die
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Macrophages
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Monocytes that reside in the tissue
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Stem cells
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cells which produce any type of blood cells and which are located in the bone marrow
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*Hemostasis
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The process by which the body stops blood loss
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Hemostat
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a scissor-like instrument whose blades do not cut but rather pinch together
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What are the three states of hemostasis?
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The vasoconstrictive, the platelet plug, and the coagulation stages
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Vasoconstrictive stage
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One of the stages in hemostasis in which the blood vessel constricts
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Platelet plug stage
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One of the stages in hemostasis in which the blood platelets swell, get sticky, and stick to both the blood vessel and to each other
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Coagulation stage
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one of the stages in hemostasis in which, through many chemical reactions, damage to tissue or blood vessels ultimately produces fibrin, which forms a 'net'
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Thromboxane
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the chemical released by blood platelets which stimulates several chemical processes that cause the platelets to stick together
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Thrombus
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a platelet plug
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coronary thrombosis
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what is commonly called a 'heart attack.'
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Embolus
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a clot which forms in the body but then breaks loose, traveling through the bloodstream until it bocks some other vessel. This can be deadly
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In sum, what are the three steps of the coagulation process?
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1) Tissue or blood vessel damage produces prothrombinase. 2) Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. 3) Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
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When you go through these flashcards, you should remember…
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…to review the entire blood clotting process (especially figure 11.7)
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anticoagulants
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things which prevent certain blood factors from being activated, thus stopping the clotting cascade.
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*Antigen
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A protein or carbohydrate that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
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Universal donor type
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Type O blood
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Rh antigen
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an antigen which exists on the surface of the erythrocytes and makes one's blood type either positive or negative
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Closed circulatory system
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the blood system which keeps the blood enclosed by traveling through blood vessels
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*arteries
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Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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*capillaries
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Tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and cells
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*veins
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Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
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*Pulmonary circulation
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Circulation of the blood over the air sacs of the lungs
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*Systemic circulation
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Circulation of the blood through the other tissues of the body
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What color is deoxygenated blood?
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Dark red
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What color is oxygenated blood?
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bright red
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What are the four chambers of the heart?
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the left and right atrium and the left and right ventricle
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Which side receives deoxygenated blood, the right or left side of the heart?
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the right side
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Auricles
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flaplike extensions on the right and left atria
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Superior vena cava
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a large vein which brings blood from the upper body tissues to the heart
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Inferior vena cava
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a large vein which brings blood from the lower body tissues to the heart
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Pulmonary veins
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the four veins which bring blood from the lungs to the heart
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Pulmonary trunk
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the artery which carries blood away from the heart to the lungs
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Aorta
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the artery which carries blood away from the heart to the other body tissues
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right atrioventricular canal
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the canal which leads to the right ventricle from the right atrium
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right atrioventricular valve
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the valve which helps regulate the flow of blood through the right atrioventricular canal
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tricuspid valve
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another name for the right atrioventricular valve
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papillary muscles
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the muscles which keep the atrioventricular valves from 'blowing out' into the atriums
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chordae tendineae
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the 'heart strings' which connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular canal
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left atrioventricular valve
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the valve which helps regulate the flow of blood through the left atrioventricular canal
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biscuspid valve
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another name for the left atrioventricular canal
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mitral valve
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another name for the left atrioventricular canal
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left atrioventricular canal
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the canal which leads to the left ventricle from the left atrium
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interventricular septum
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The muscular wall which separates the left and right ventricles
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semilunar valves
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valves which separate the ventricles from the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
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intercalated disks
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discks which conduct action potentials from one cell to another
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how is the cardiac muscle stimulated?
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it is self-stimulatory
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nodal tissue
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bundles of cardiac muscle tissue which acts as both muscle tissue and nerve tissue
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sinoatrial node
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the clump of nodal tissue which is located in the upper portion of the right atrium
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SA node
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the sinoatrial node
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Atrioventricular node
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the clump of nodal tissue which is located near the tricuspid valve
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AV node
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the atrioventricular node
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pacemaker
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the sinoatrial node, as it initiates the action potentials which cause the heart to beat
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atrioventricular bundles
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bundles of nodal tissue that travels through the interventricular septum and then branch and travel to each ventricle
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Purkinje fibers
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fibers which send action potentials to the cells in the ventricles and which are part of the atrioventricular bundles
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passive ventricular filling
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the process by which blood enters the ventricles before the atriua pump
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*Systolic phase
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The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract
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*Diastolic phase
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the phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax
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*cardiac cycle
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one complete round of systole and diastole
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Systolic pressure
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the maximum pressure in the aorta, when the ventricles contract (systolic phase)
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Diastolic pressure
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the minimum pressure in the aorta, right before the ventricular contraction (diastolic phase)
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what three tunics compose the veins and arteries?
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the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia
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Describe the tunica intima
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a layer of simple squamous epethelial tissue called the endothelium resting on basement membrane of connective tissue. The basement membrane is connected to a thicker layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria. This tunic is wrapped in a layer of elastic fibers called the internal elastic membrane
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which tunic contains the smooth muscles that wrape around the vessel?
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the tunica media
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vasa vasorum
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the set of blood vessels that supply the blood vessel walls with oxygen and nutrients
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External elastic membrane
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an outer covering of elastic fibers around the tunica media
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*arterioles
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The smallest arteries that still have three tunics
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*Venules
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Small veins that do not have three tunics but instead have only an endothelium, a basement membrane, and a few smooth muscle cells
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