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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Define: Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Define: Physiology

Study of the function on the body

Structural Organization in the Human Body:

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Basic Macromolecules of the Human Body:

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Basic Tissue Types of the Human Body:

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body:

1. Skeletal 2. Muscular 3. Integumentary


4. Nervous 5. Digestive 6. Respiratory


7. Lymphatic 8. Urinary 9. Cardiovascular


10. Reproductive 11. Endocrine

Function of Integumentary System

Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.


Makes Vitamin D.

Function of Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs, and provides framework for muscles.


Makes blood.

Function of the Muscular System

Allows movement, and maintains posture.


Makes heat.

Function of the Nervous System

The control system of the body.


Activates muscles and glands.

Function of the Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells.

Function of the Cardiovascular System

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.


Pumps blood.

Function of the Lymphatic System

Collects and transports tissue fluids from body and returns it to blood.


Immune protects body against foreign substances.

Function of the Respiratory System

Brings in oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide.

Function of the Digestive System

Brings in nutrients, and removes wastes.

Function of the Urinary System

Filters the blood.

Function of the Reproductive System

Production of offspring.

Define Homeostatis

The condition in which the body's internal systems remain within normal physiological limits. Internal balance of organ systems despite changes in stimuli.

Homeostasis regulated by the Endocrine System

The endocrine system uses chemical messengers in the blood called hormones: slow but long lasting changes

Homeostasis regulated by the Nervous System

The nervous system uses nerve impulses: relatively fast, but short-lived changes

Homeostasis Feedback System: Receptors

A receptor monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends signals to the Control Center via a hormone or sensory neuron

Homeostasis Feedback System: Control Center

The control center sets ranges for the controlled condition, receiving signals from Receptors and sending signals to Effectors via a hormone or motor neuron

Homeostasis Feedback System: Effectors

An Effector is a body structure that receives signals from the Control Center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition

Homeostasis: Negative Feedback

If a response reverses the original stimulus, the system is a negative feedback loop.


* Much more common in physiology


Ex: control of blood sugar by insulin

Homeostasis: Positive Feedback

If a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is a positive feedback loop

Anatomical Position

Standing erect, feet apart, arms at sight, palms facing forward, head/chin level, eyes facing forward

Anatomical Position: Supine

Lying face up

Anatomical Position: Prone

Lying face down

Superior vs. Inferior

Toward / Away from the head



Ex: The head is superior to the abdomen

Ventral (Anterior) vs. Dorsal (Posterior)

Towards the front / Towards the back of the body



Ex: The breastbone is ventral (anterior) to the spine

Medial vs. Lateral

Toward / Away from the midline



Ex: The heart is medial to the arm

Proximal vs. Distal

Closer to / Farther from the body trunk limb attachment



Ex: The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Superficial vs. Deep

Toward / Away from the body surface



Ex: The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Anatomical Planes and Sections

Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into distinct partitions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Through torso vertically at side- splits body front and back

Transverse Plane

Through torso horizontally

Midsagittal Plane

Through torso vertically- splits body side to side down the middle

Parasagittal

Through torso vertically- splits body side to side, offset from midline

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support the internal organs

Dorsal Body Cavity

Consists of the Cranial and Vertebral Cavities

Ventral Body Cavity

Consists of the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities

Cranial Cavity

Part of the Dorsal Cavity: Formed by skull and contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity

Part of the Dorsal Cavity: Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

Part of the Ventral Cavity: Above the diaphragm. Contains 2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum

Pleural Cavities

Parts of the Thoracic Cavity: Enclose the lungs

Mediastinum

Part of the Thoracic Cavity: Inbetween the lungs, contains the pericardial cavity, and all thoracic organs except the lungs

Pericardial Cavity

Part of the Thoracic Cavity and within the Mediastinum: Encloses the heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Part of the Ventral Cavity: contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Part of the Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Pelvic Cavity

Part of the Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the bladder, part of the large intestine, and reproductive organs

Serous Membranes (Serosa)

Thin, slippery membranes that line body cavitites and organs to reduce friction during movement

Parietal Serosa

Line the walls of body cavities

Visceral Serosa

Cover the internal organs

Parietal Pericardium

Serosa that lines the percardial cavity

Visceral Pericardium

Serosa that lines the heart