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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 details of the political impact of German invasion from 1941.
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1. Fuelled existing soviet suspicions about the outside world.
2. Made Stalin more determined to have soviet influence in central and eastern europe. |
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3 details on the military impact of German invasion from 1941.
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1.150,000 soldiers dead or injured in the first week of invasion.
2.The morale was lowered as many got frostbite or illness and there were lots of killings in cold blood. 3. Creation of Stavka (centralized military command) fueled by Sep 41, disaster at Kiev, Stalin said to retreat and they were encircled. |
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5 details on the civilian impact of German invasion from 1941.
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1. more women left than men, led to intermarriages and increased russification.
2.lack of consumer goods as large focus on defence. 3.more civilians died on the front than any other war. 4. Order 270 meant every man must fight, deserters were shot and their families imprisoned. 5. 20m civilians killed and villages were destroyed by Germans. |
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4 details on the economic impact of German invasion from 1941
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1. economy declined dramatically, coal oil and steel all fell.
2.1/8 of labour force in occupied territory. 3. agriculture decimated by scorched earth policy. 4. all efforts went into war production and central planning worked well. |
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The GKO in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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It was set up quickly after invasion and controlled war time decisions acting as an inner politburo.
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Fog of war n relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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Created confusion and the central administration did not always know what was happening and it was simply not possible to make all war time decisions in Moscow.
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The Soviet System in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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much more effective than hitlers
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Big errors in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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Kharkov 1943, told soldiers to retreat and they became encircled.
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Soviet armed forces in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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Kept under political control at all time. Political commissars attatched to army officials at all levels in July '41 just like old Leninist system. Abolished in Oct '42 as military commanders grew in confidence.
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Punishment in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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Stalin brutally punished failure for examples generals whose forces defected early in the war.
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Stalin's image in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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Stalin was an effective symbol of resistance for example he stayed in Moscow.
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Concessions in relation to Stalin's role in the management of the war effort.
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Stalin made concessions to straighten the regime eg opening churches
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How did Khrischev build up a power base?
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appointing followers to the CC
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Malenkov gave up what role after stalins death
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head of the party
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how malenkov was seen by others
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hated and colourless
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what was wrong with 7 yr plans in K's time
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same faults as 5yp mismanagement of resources obsession with targets and quantity over quality s
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what did each region do with their resources in K's time
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jealously guarded them
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when did K say full socialism had been achieved
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1959
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what happened with the hungarian uprising in 1956
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K allowed reformist imre nagy to take power in hungary and then they tried to leave warsaw pact and K had to send warsaw pact forces in
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khruschev gave more attention to consmer good t/f
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TRU x
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Khruschev's great space achievement
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Sputnik I and yuri gagarin is first man in space
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how did working conditions improve in K's time
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shorter working day, more holidays, longer maternity leave, better pensions
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how did Khruschev make agriculture better
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higher state prices for deliveries, reduction in taxes on private plots, collectives merged into larger state farms
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after the secret speech in 1956 how was stalin seen
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as a non person, renamed stalingrad to volgograd and moved his body
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did khruschev danger himself by doing the secret speech
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yes as he had links with the great terror in the 30's
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what did the cuban missile crisis almost lead to
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war with the USA, and embarassment for USSR bc they had to back down
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what happened to economic growth in K's time
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it declined
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ultimately, did khrischev's agricultural reforms help
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no they had failed to resolve shortfalls in production
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when was the anti party plot
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1957
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In K's time, what book was published
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solzhenitsyn's a day in the life of ivan denisovich
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what book was still banned in K's time
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pasternak's doctor zhivago
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how did K show antisemitism remained
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banned russian jews from emigrating to israel
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How did K treat religion
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priests harassed and churches shut
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what did government spendinf also do
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provided educational and medical care reforms
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who did K release
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thousands of pol prisoners
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Laver: "If Khruschev's aim had been to.."
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"modify stalinism....he probably succeeded"
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Mcauly: "His optimism..." (K)
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"led to hasty reforms"
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Roberts: "made life..." (K)
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"less dangerous and unpredictable"
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Kenez: "the problems he recognised were" (K)
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"inherenet in the system he wanted to save"
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Filtzer: "He could not.." (K)
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"solve the essential problems"
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How did Gorbachev try to get rid of corruption
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sacked key officials in the republics eg the kazakh party leader which led to riots
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how did gorbachev want to redirect spending
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move away from defence towards consumer goods which would help detente with the usa
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gorbachev wanted to maintain the centrally planned ecomony and make it more efficient how
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put 60 industrial ministries into 7 super ministries
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what did Gorbachev do in his new contitutuion
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made clear distinctions between the party, the administration and judges, guarentee individual rights
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what happened when gorbachev was the only candidate for executive presidency in 1990
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71 percent of the congress of peoples deputies voted for him but normal soviets didnt vote, which dented his reputation and the executive presidency was like a dictatorship
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why was there ideological suspicion from as early as 1986
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G encouraged private enterprises
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description of Gorbachev's reforms and perestroika
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no coherent programme and unplanned and constatntly changing
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why did gorbachev reject the shatalin plan in 1990
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did not want to decentralise economic power to the republics
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what happened in june 1990 at the 28th party congress
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radical yeltsin walked out and resigned after rifts between him and the conservatives. media glare etc etc
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august 23rd 1991 what did yeltsin do to gorbachev
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showed gorbachev that every member of gorbachev's cabinet supprted the coup
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why did republics have little choice but to break away from communism
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not recognised by yeltsins russia
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Laver: "Gorbachev never understood.."
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"the strength of nationalist feeling unleashed expecially by glasnost"
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Laver: "There was no substance to Gorbachev's policies.."
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"they were sometimes little more than slogans"
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Marples: "Gorbachev was"
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"a cautious leader"
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Why did the supreme soviet ban all communist activity in the USSR
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because of communist role in the coup....treason
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what did Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia form in Dec 1991
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the Commonwealth of Independent states, cancelling the 1922 setting up of the USSR
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why did the coup fail?? 4REASONS
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1. didnt arrest yeltsin
2.didnt have all of armed forces support 3. conservatives lacked a coherent policy 4. Gorbachev dint buckle to pressure |
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what was phase 1 acceleration about (4 things)
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need for efficiency, closed distilleries, regroup 60 ministries to 7 super ministries, individual labour activity encouraged private enterprise
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what was phase 2 radical reform from above about
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reduce parties economic interference, made private enterprises legal. economic growth shrunk leadeing to rationing
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what happened in phase 4 break up of soviet union
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planned economy brought to an end after supreme soviet permitted private property ownership
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glasnost facts
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lolita published
films on social issues abortion etc bad start bc of chernobyl disaster not reported for 2 weeks |
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what did august 1991 draft for communist party barely mention?? and what did it lead to??
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no ref basically to communism and led to coup
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why did gorbachev seperate judges and law to party
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so all party members accountable to law
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how often did the supremee soviet meet
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twice a year for several months
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nobody could hold a what and and what at the same time (G)
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party position and state position
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Andropov has what kind of behaviour according to Lacer
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"duplicitous"
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what did andropov want to do (4)
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increase work efficiency, he ruined detente (korean airplane thing), halted jewish emigration, clamped down on corruption
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chernenko facts (5)
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in power barely a year, dropped anti corruption campaign, tried to resurect detente, harsh on dissidents, did something like VL scheme
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wat problems faced the USSR by the 1980s
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economic stagnation and stuggling to maintain super power status
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in Nov 1964 what did brezhnev do
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abolished all of Khrichev's previous policies including putting job secuirity (stability of cadres) and party priveleges
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what was the nomenklatura
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list of half a million party members. food for B's leadership as saved tie finding people and helped loylty etc
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what was widespread with brezhnevs family
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corruption x
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Laver on Brezhnev: "No particular..."
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"drive or obvious skill"
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
military production was.... |
a strain and took resources
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
to much investment in.. |
agriculture and less in industry
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
central planning system could not... |
compete with complex economy
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
obsession with |
growth, cost and quality given low priority
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
signs of stagnation were ignored bc.. |
living standards were improving
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
targets were too |
SHORT TERM "chronic short termism" johnson
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
failure of.. |
kosygin reforms
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
continuation of.. |
5YP prevented innovation
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
Gosplans targets and prices were |
badly worked out
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
a quarter of investment went into |
military defence and stuff despire detente
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reasons why Brezhnev's economy stagnated:
nobody was kept on their toes as in Khrsuschev's time bc |
they were complacent and didnt worry about jobs for life scheme by him
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In Brezhnev's time politburo age increased by
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10 years
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Laver: Brezhnev "let.."
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"sleeping dogs lie"
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what was the prague spring
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warsaw pact forces invaded czechoslvakia to crush human rights freedoms given and the regime was replaced with hard line communists
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what happened to helsinki motinoring groups
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harassed and imprisoned, by drawing attention these groups their cause became more well known!
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Brezhnev allowed the jews to do what
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emigrate although they were taxed heavily
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what happened with sinyavsky and daniel
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sinyavsky supported doctor zhivago and daniel had anti soviet writings and intellectuals protested for them.
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what new law did the KGB introduce after demonstattions
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criminal act to "distibute false media harmful to soviet state and society"
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what did the afgan war lead to
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USA and other countries boycotting 1980 olympics
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what did kosygins reforms encourage
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intiative and wanted workers and managers to innovate but still old problems remained eg not wanting to delay targets
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what was the result of soviet citizens earning more in brezhnevs time
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there was a higher demand for food etc leading to shortages
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what did the 10th and 11th 5YPs do
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put to use oil found in siberia. focused on space and defence too
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peasents were treated how in brezhnevs time
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better, internal pasports and less targets to meet
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what tripled in brezhnevs era
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agriculture
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in the 1970's, the USSR was the worlds largest
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wheat producer
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what was the 1977 constituion about (4)
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USSR a "mature socialist society", peasents could have private plots, freedom of speech, A new "soviet people" would emerge
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why did life expectancy fall in brezhnevs time
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pollution and alcohol abuse
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in the republics, what ethnic group rose rapidly
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muslims
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there was a growth of adults with what in brezhnevs time (2)
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higher education, divorce
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what became the norm in B's time
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5 day working week
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what were doctors and hospitals like in brezhnevs time
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hospitals badly run and doctors prone to bribes
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women in brezhnevs time
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second class citizens and few reached the top of their job
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Brezhnev abolished
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decentralised ministries
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Brezhnev promoted..
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his supporters to the politburo
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The central committee increased in size considerably in Brezhnevs time but
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only met 12 times bwteren 15 years so not much influence
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brezhnev was strong because he had
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no obvious successor
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why did growth in party membership fell
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stricter admissions and requirements
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what was mentioned in the secret speech 1956
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kirov assasination and lenins testament, said stalin was against essence of maxism leninism
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Laver: K's secret speech "created..."
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"waves within the leadership"
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Keep: "The speech was an act.."
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"of considerable political courage"
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Khruschev gave ecomomic aid to
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3rd world countries but didnt rlly get anything back
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khruschev gave less money to
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the military which upset them as he was spending it on nukes
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khruschev's jobs forlife scheme meant
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a bit of opposition as privelages were threatened
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who was in the anti party plot
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malenkov, molotiv bulganin kaganovich
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who saved K in the anti party plot
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military commander zhukov
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what did governement officials resent
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the 105 regional ministires as didnt wanna move from moscow
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malenkov info
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colourless, made errors (gave up party position), all about the consumer goods.
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in Kruschev's time, the death penalty was reduced to
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thecrime of treason and ten "large scale economic crime"
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in Khruschevs leadership the fundamental feautures of stalinism stayed such as
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command economy, one party state
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Keep: "Khrischev kept.."
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"peasent affair at the centre of attention for an entire decade"
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medical care under K
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good, infant mortality dropped
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living standards under K
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better but still backwards compared to west, still major housing shortage
(khruschev slums) |
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what happened to city peoples land in 1958
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couldnt keep cattle on it so had to buy meat from shops but was often in little supply
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educational reforms under K
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abolished college fees,emphasis on evening classes
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what could peasents buy
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tractors, small collectives struggled
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what did khrischev introduce in 1961
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"RULE 25" ONE QUARTER of the cc and presidum had to be new each election to reduce complacency
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what were comrade courts in khruschev's time
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where minor offences were dealt with at a local level, often corrupt and subject to bribery
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what could secret police no longer do in Khruschevs time
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could not conduct trials without evidence and a confession was not enough!!
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brezhnev/ Laver: "period..."
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"of complacency"
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volkogonov: "Brezhnev symbolised..."
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"the decline of the USSR"
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Bialer: brezhnev era a time of "lost...""
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"oppurtunities"
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Laver: Brezhnev "Oozed.."
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"stability"
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June 1941
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german invasion of USSR
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July 1941
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stalins first war broadcast calling for fierce resistance
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may 1945
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germans surrender
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the ussr gave priority to what in the war
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defence, reflecting fear of attack
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how was agriculture ruined in the war
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scorched earth policy
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how was moral lowered in the war
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frost bite, deaths in cold blood
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what was created 2 days after german invasion
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stavka, centralised military command
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who announced invasion of ussr
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molotov
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Laver: "films depicted stalin.."
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"winning the war single handendy"
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coal production fell in the war why
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coal miners unskilled
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what was lend lease
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usa gave ussr trucks and one ffth of soviet resources
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what losses during ww2 were about a third
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harvest
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economy strained to breaking point why
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children and oldies orked and workers often had to join in fighting
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munitions output doubled
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half a billon shells produced
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what hapened in moscow oct 1941
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looting and rioting as party members were seen leaing bc of imminent attack
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who did the NKVD round up during the war
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anyone with a history of opposition "rumour mongers" people who retreated on battlefield
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during the war bad news was
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witheld and german losses exagerating
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what was set up during the war by soviet ppl
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peoples militias to back up but often unskilled
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zhdanhov intoduced
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anti cosmo
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what did the trueman doc and marhsall aid do
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provided support to european countrues vulnerable to communism
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who was vlaslov
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russian liberation army, hanged as fought for germans
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after the war stalin called for
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"sacrifice and eternal vigilance"
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what as reconstucted after the war
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hydro electtric power station and soviet rail system
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after the war economc help was lost from
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usa and us
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after the war, the state took 70 percent of
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harvested grain
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after the war what was reported what in the ukraine
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CANNIBALISM
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ward described stalin like
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"Lear"
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doctors plot was what
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jewish doctors killed zhdanov
russian jews tortured to confessing treason |
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Laver on high stalism "independent..."
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"thought was stifled."
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Kenez on high stalinism "fear..."
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"governed the life of all"
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mcauly on stalins time " a dark.."
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"time for jews"
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