The Fetal Head And Brain

Front 1

the congenital absence of corpus callosum, may be partial or incomplete

Back 1

agenesis of the corpus callosum

Front 2

the most severe form of holoprosencephaly

Back 2

alobar holoprosencephaly

Front 3

a neural tube defect that results in the absence of the cranium and the cerebral hemispheres

Back 3

anencephaly

Front 4

the absence of the eye(s)

Back 4

anopthalmia

Front 5

the abnormal narrowing of the cerebral aqueduct

Back 5

aqueductal stenosis

Front 6

benign cysts within the brain that do not communicate with the ventricular system

Back 6

arachnoid cysts

Front 7

granular structures located along the falx cerebri that reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid into the venous systems

Back 7

arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi)

Front 8

the middle layer of the meninges

Back 8

arachnoid membrane

Front 9

a group of cranial abnormalities associated with spina bifida

Back 9

Arnold Chiari II malformation

Front 10

a group of nuceli within the brain that function in several ways, including information processing and emotional response

Back 10

basal ganglia

Front 11

rounded skull shape

Back 11

brachycephalic

Front 12

the lower part of the brain compsed of the pons, midbrain and medulla oblongata

Back 12

brain stem

Front 13

a normal midline brain structure identified in the anterior portion of the brain between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles

Back 13

cavum septum pellucidum

Front 14

close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril

Back 14

cebocephaly

Front 15

the portion of the cerebellum located within the midle of the brain, connects the two hemispheres

Back 15

cerebellar vermis

Front 16

the ducts that connects the third ventricle of the brain to the fourth ventricle

Back 16

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius)

Front 17

paried structures located anterior to the cerebral aqueduct

Back 17

cerebral peduncles

Front 18

the protective/nourishing fluid of the brain and spinal cord produced by the choroid plexus

Back 18

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 19

a prominent space within the skull that contains cerebrospinal fluid

Back 19

cistern

Front 20

created by the separation of the arachnoid membrance and the pia mater

Back 20

cistern

Front 21

the abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn

Back 21

colpocephaly

Front 22

the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid from a source outside the ventricular system

Back 22

communicating hydrocephalus

Front 23

a thick band of white matter that provides communication between the two halves of the brain

Back 23

corpus callosum

Front 24

the premature closure of the cranial sutures with subsequent fusion of the cranial bones

Back 24

craniosynostosis

Front 25

a spectrum of post. fossa abnormalities that involve cystic dilatation of the cisterna magna and the fourth ventricle

Back 25

Dandy-Walker Complex

Front 26

congenital brain malformation in which there is dilatation of the fourth ventricle, enlargement of the cisterna magna, and agenesis of the cerebellar vermis

Back 26

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Front 27

a sonographic sign associated with hydrocephalus when the choroid plexus is noted hanging freely within the dilated lateral ventricle

Back 27

dangling choroid sign

Front 28

elongated narrow head shape

Back 28

dolichocephaly (scaphocephaly)

Front 29

the dense fibrous outer layer of the meninges

Back 29

dura mater

Front 30

the lining of the ventricles in the brain

Back 30

ependyma

Front 31

a form of acrania in which the entire cerebrum is located outside of the skull

Back 31

exencephaly

Front 32

the opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord exits

Back 32

foramen magnum

Front 33

a group of thin walled blood vessels and cells within the subependymal later of the fetal brain that is responsible for brain cell migration during fetal development

Back 33

germinal matrix

Front 34

folds in the cerebral cortex

Back 34

gyri

Front 35

a group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles, absence of midline structures, and associated facial anomalies

Back 35

holoprosencephaly

Front 36

what are the conditions for diagnosing fetal hydrops?

Back 36

abnormal fluid accumulation must be present in at least 2 body cavities

Front 37

groove within the midline of the brain that divides the two cerebral hemispheres

Back 37

interhemispheric fissure

Front 38

the mass of tissue, located in the third ventricle within the midline of the brain, which connects the two lobes of the thalamus.

Back 38

interthalmic adhesion

(massa intermedia)

Front 39

"smooth brain"

condition where there is little to no gyri or sulci within the cerebral cortex

Back 39

lissencephaly

Front 40

the least severe form of holoprosencephaly

Back 40

lobar holoprosencephaly

Front 41

enlarged head circumference

Back 41

macrocephaly

Front 42

a fetal syndrome associated with:microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys

Back 42

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

Front 43

when is the cisterna magna considered enlarged?

Back 43

when the depth is >10mm

Front 44

coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Back 44

meninges

Front 45

herniation of the cranial or spinal meninges due to an open cranial or spinal defect

Back 45

meningocele

Front 46

the term for a normal head shape

Back 46

mesocephalic

Front 47

one large ventricle within the brain, associated with holoprosencephaly

Back 47

monoventricle

Front 48

mass that results from spina bifida that contains the spinal cord and the meninges

Back 48

myelomeningocele

Front 49

the early embryologic structure that develops into the central nervous system

Back 49

neural plate

Front 50

embryologic formation that results from the fusion of the two ends of the neural plate

Back 50

neural tube

Front 51

the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid from a source within the ventricular system

Back 51

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Front 52

the innermost layer of the meninges

Back 52

pia mater

Front 53

a condition in which a cyst, most often caused by an intraparenchymal hemorrhage, communicated with a lateral ventricle

Back 53

porencephaly

Front 54

fleshy tongue-like appendage that is typically located within the midline, above the orbits. associated with cyclopia and holoprosencephaly

Back 54

proboscis

Front 55

the primary brain vesicle (forebrain)

Back 55

prosencephalon

Front 56

a cerebral malformation associated with the development of fluid-filled clefts

Back 56

schizencephaly

Front 57

a group of neural tube defects that describe some manifestation of incomplete closure of the spine

Back 57

spinal dysraphism

Front 58

an area located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

Back 58

subarachnoid space

Front 59

the layer just beneath the the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles

Back 59

subependymal layer

Front 60

grooves within the brain

Back 60

sulci

Front 61

a brain structure that allows communication between the senses

Back 61

thalamus

Front 62

the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia, characterized by a cloverleaf skull with frontal bossing and hydrocephalus

Back 62

thanatophoric dysplasia

Front 63

an acronym that stands for toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus

-may be acquired by women during pregnancy

Back 63

TORCH infections

Front 64

a fetus that has three of every chromosome

Back 64

triploidy

Front 65

warkany syndrome 2

Back 65

trisomy 8

Front 66

an arteriovenous malformation that occurs within the fetal brain that is associated with congestive heart failure

Back 66

vein of Galen aneurysm

Front 67

when does the neural plate develop

Back 67

by 4.5 wks

Front 68

what are the initial vesicles in the brain

Back 68

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

Front 69

how many cranial bones are in the brain

Back 69

8 total

-frontal bone

-(2) parietal bones

-(2) temporal bones

-occipital bone

-sphenoid bone

- ethmoid bone

Front 70

name the midline brain anatomy

Back 70

- falx cerebri

-interhemispheric fissure

-corpus callosum

-cavum septum pellucidum

- third ventricle

-aqueduct of sylvius

-fourth ventricle

-cerebellar vermis

Front 71

name the bilateral brain structures

Back 71

hemispheres of the cerebellum

hemispheres of the cerebrum

lobes of the thalamus

foramen of Monro

lateral ventricles

choroid plexus

Front 72

name the lateral ventricle anatomy

Back 72

frontal, temporal, and occipital horn

Front 73

the point at which the body, temporal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricles meet

Back 73

trigone (atria) of the lateral ventricle

Front 74

each lateral ventricle communicates with the _____ _________ in the midline of the brain at the _______ __ _____

Back 74

third ventricle; Foramen of Monro

Front 75

the two lateral apertures that allow cerebrospinal fluid to travel from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space

Back 75

foramina of Lushka

Front 76

describe the flow of cerebrospinal fluid

Back 76

Lateral ventricles->Foramen of Monro->3rd ventricle->Aqueduct of Sylvius->4th ventricle

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medial exit (magendie) lateral exit (lushka)

Front 77

describe the location of the cisterna magna

Back 77

posterior to the cerebellum, between the cerebellar vermis and the occipital bone

Front 78

the cerebelleum consits of a ______ and ______ hemisphere

Back 78

right and left

Front 79

describe the normal shape of the cerebellum

Back 79

dumbell-shaped or figure 8 shaped

Front 80

an AP measurement >10mm of the cisterna magnum is worrisome for what?

Back 80

Dandy-walker syndrome

Front 81

an AP measurement <2mm of the cisterna magnum is worrisome for what?

Back 81

Arnold Chiari II malformation

Front 82

What is the normal lateral ventricle measurement?

Back 82

10mm or less

Front 83

a lemon-shaped head is associated with which anomaly?

Back 83

Arnold Chiari II malformation

Front 84

the cerebellum grows at a rate of 1 mm per week between ___ and ___ weeks

Back 84

14;21

Front 85

a strawberry shaped skull is associated with which anomaly

Back 85

Trisomy 18

Front 86

microcephaly is associated with which anomalies

Back 86

TORCH infections

Trisomy 13

Trisomy 18

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Front 87

macrocephaly is associated with which anomalies

Back 87

hydrocephalus

hydranencephaly

intracranial tumors

familial inheritance

Beckwith Wiedmann Syndrome

Front 88

Brachycephaly is associated with which anomalies

Back 88

craniosynostosis

trisomy 21

trisomy 18

Front 89

dolichocephaly is associated with which anomalies

Back 89

craniosynostosis

Front 90

what is the most common cranial abnormality

Back 90

ventriculomegaly

Front 91

what is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero?

Back 91

aqueductal stenosis

Front 92

how can you differentiate hydranencephaly from hydrocephalus

Back 92

with hydrocephalus and holoprosencephaly