The Excretory System And Osmoregulation

Front 1

Osmoregulation

Back 1

The regulation of solute concentrations and water gain and loss

Front 2

Excretion

Back 2

The expulsion of nitrogen-containing waste products formed by metabolism

Front 3

Osmosis

Back 3

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 4

Osmolarity

Back 4

The total concentration of solute expressed in mols; M solute/L solution

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Issosmotic Solutions

Back 5

Solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane in which concentrations are equal; no net movement of water

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Hyperosmotic Solution

Back 6

A solution whose solute concentration is greater than that of a solution separated by a permeable membrane; net flux of water in

Front 7

Hypoosmotic Solution

Back 7

A solution whose solute concentration is less than that of a solution separated by a permeable membrane; net flux of water out

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Osmoconformer

Back 8

An animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity due to being isosmotic with its surroundings

Front 9

Osmoregulator

Back 9

An animal that actively adjusts its osmolarity due to being hyperosmotic/hoyposmotic with its surroundings

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How do animals maintain osmolarity difference between themselves and their external environment?

Back 10

Manipulation of body fluid concentrations via active transport

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Stenohaline

Back 11

An animal that is unable to tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

Front 12

Euryhaline

Back 12

Animals that are able to tolerate substantial changes in external osmoregularity

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True or False: All osmoregulators are euryhaline, all osmoconformers are stenohaline

Back 13

False: Some osmoregulators are stenohaline, some osmoconformers are euryhaline

Front 14

True or False: The greatest number of animal phyla can be found in marine environments

Back 14

True

Front 15

True or False: Most marine vertebrates are osmoregulators

Back 15

False: Most marine verterates are osmoconformers

Front 16

How does a saltwater fish, hypoosmoitc to its surroundings, maintain osmolarity?

Back 16

Ingests large amounts of sea water, produces high concentrations of urine, excretes salt ions from the gills

Front 17

How does a shark, hypoosmotic to its surroundings, maintain osmolarity?

Back 17

Removes salt with kidneys and excretes with high urine concentrations; total solute concentraqtion becomes hyperosmotic and draws water into the body

Front 18

How does a freshwater fish, hyperosmotic to its surroundings, maintain osmolarity?

Back 18

Takes up salt ions through food and gills, produces large amounts of dilute urine

Front 19

Anhydrobiosis

Back 19

An adaptation in which animals living in temporary water sources can enter a dormant state and survive without water

Front 20

How much water loss can a human withstand before dying?

Back 20

About 12%

Front 21

How do land animals maintain water levels?

Back 21

Ingest liquid water, ingest moist food, produce via metabolsim

Front 22

How are animals that live in the desert able to survive without liquid water?

Back 22

Majority of water is produced by metabolism; some ingested with food

Front 23

What is the ultimate function of osmoregulation?

Back 23

To maintain composition of cellular cytoplasm

Front 24

Why are most animals able to maintain composition of cellular cytoplasm indirectly?

Back 24

If the composition of internal body fluids that bathe the cells (hemolymph in open circulatory systems, blood and interstitial fluid in closed circulatory systems) is maintained, so will solute concentration.

Front 25

Transport Epithelium

Back 25

One or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement

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Ammonia

Back 26

NH3, the nitrogenous waste that is excreted by all animals either as is (most aquatic animals) or in another form; requires vast amounts of water for dilution but little ATP to produce

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Urea

Back 27

Nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes; less toxic method of excretion requiring less water for dilution, but requires more ATP to produce

Front 28

Uric Acid

Back 28

Nitrogenous waste excreted by reptiles, insects, and land snails; insoluble in water, can be excreted with little water loss, but requires great amounts of ATP to produce

Front 29

Excretory System

Back 29

The system of an organisms body that excretes nitrogenous wastes

Front 30

Key steps in Excretion (4)

Back 30

1. Collection and Filtration
2. Selective Reabsorption
3. Selective Secretion
4. Excretion

Front 31

Excretory Filtration

Back 31

Collection of fluid through selectively permeable membranes consisting of a single layer of transport epithelium; membranes retain cells, proteins, and large molecules, forces water, solutes, and nitrogeous wastes into excretory system

Front 32

Filtrate

Back 32

Fluid in the excretory system created by filtration

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Selective Reabsorption

Back 33

Reabsorption of valuble solutes from filtrate by active transport

Front 34

Selective Secretion

Back 34

Addition of nonessential solutes and toxins by active transport

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Protonephridium

Back 35

A network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings used in excretion; found in Platyhelminthes phylum

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Flame Bulb

Back 36

Caps on the smallest branches of protonephridia containing cilia that project into the tubule

Front 37

Nephridiopores

Back 37

Openings at the end of a protonephridium that empties urine into the external environment

Front 38

Describe the path of filtrate in a protonephridium

Back 38

Water and solutes from interstitial fluid are drawn into protonephridium by beating of flame bulb cilia; filtrate moves through tubules to nephridiopore in body wall and excreted

Front 39

Metanephridium

Back 39

A network of tubules with internal openings used in excretion; found in annelids

Front 40

Nephrostome

Back 40

A ciliated funnel that surounds the opening of the metanephridium

Front 41

Malphigian Tubules

Back 41

Organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation; found in insects and artrhopods

Front 42

Describe the path of filtrate in insects and arthropods

Back 42

Transport epithelium secrete solutes, nitrogenous wastes, and water into lumen of tubules; filtrate passes into digestive system; solutes and water reabsorbed, nitrogenous wastes passed out with solid waste

Front 43

Kidneys

Back 43

The excretory organ of vertebrates

Front 44

Renal Artery

Back 44

The artery that supplies blood to the kidneys

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Renal Vein

Back 45

The vein that drains blood from the kidneys

Front 46

Ureter

Back 46

The duct throug which urine exits

Front 47

Urinary Bladder

Back 47

The storage area where urine is held

Front 48

Uretrha

Back 48

The tube that empties urine from the body

Front 49

Renal Cortex

Back 49

The outer region of a kidney

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Renal Medulla

Back 50

The inner reigion of a kidney

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Nephron

Back 51

The functional unit of a vertebrate kidney; consists of a single long tubule and glomerulus

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Glomerulus

Back 52

Ball of capillaries in a nephron

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Bowman's capsule

Back 53

Blind end of the nephron tubule that surrounds the glomerulus

Front 54

Describe the path of filtrate in a nephron

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1. Bowman's Capsule
2. Proximal Tubule
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal Tubule
5. Collecting Duct
6. Renal Pelvis
7. Uterer

Front 55

Cortical Nephrons

Back 55

Nephrons that have reduced loops of Henle and are almost confined to the renal cortex

Front 56

Malphigian Tubules

Back 56

Organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation; found in insects and artrhopods

Front 57

Describe the path of filtrate in insects and arthropods

Back 57

Transport epithelium secrete solutes, nitrogenous wastes, and water into lumen of tubules; filtrate passes into digestive system; solutes and water reabsorbed, nitrogenous wastes passed out with solid waste

Front 58

Kidneys

Back 58

The excretory organ of vertebrates

Front 59

Renal Artery

Back 59

The artery that supplies blood to the kidneys

Front 60

Renal Vein

Back 60

The vein that drains blood from the kidneys

Front 61

Ureter

Back 61

The duct throug which urine exits

Front 62

Urinary Bladder

Back 62

The storage area where urine is held

Front 63

Uretrha

Back 63

The tube that empties urine from the body

Front 64

Renal Cortex

Back 64

The outer region of a kidney

Front 65

Renal Medulla

Back 65

The inner reigion of a kidney

Front 66

Nephron

Back 66

The functional unit of a vertebrate kidney; consists of a single long tubule and glomerulus

Front 67

Glomerulus

Back 67

Ball of capillaries in a nephron

Front 68

Bowman's capsule

Back 68

Blind end of the nephron tubule that surrounds the glomerulus

Front 69

Describe the path of filtrate in a nephron

Back 69

1. Bowman's Capsule
2. Proximal Tubule
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal Tubule
5. Collecting Duct
6. Renal Pelvis
7. Uterer

Front 70

Cortical Nephrons

Back 70

Nephrons that have reduced loops of Henle and are almost confined to the renal cortex

Front 71

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Back 71

Nephrons that have Loops of Henle that extend into the renal medulla; found in mammals and birds

Front 72

Why is the juxtamedullary nephron important?

Back 72

Allows mammals and birds to produce urine hyperosmotic to body fluids

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Afferent Arteriole

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Arteriole that supplies each nephron with blood

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Efferent Arteriole

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Arteriole that converges from glmoerus capillaries

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Peritubular Capillaries

Back 75

Capilaries surrounding the proximal and distal tubules

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Vasa Recta

Back 76

Capillaries that serve the loop of Henle

Front 77

Describe the functions of the proximal tube

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Secrete protons and ammonia
Reabsorbs bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and water
Actively/passively transports nutrients (glucose, aminos, potassium) into interstitial fluid

Front 78

Describe the functions of the descending end of the loop of Henle

Back 78

Reabsorbs water
Increases solute concentration

Front 79

Describe the functions of the ascending end of the loop of Henle

Back 79

Diffuses sodium chloride into interstitial fluid

Front 80

Describe the functions of the distal tube

Back 80

Secretes potassium and protons
Reabsorbs sodium chloride, bicarbonate, and water

Front 81

Describe the functions of the collecting duct

Back 81

Reabsorbs water
Reabsorbs some urea
Reabsorbs sodium chloride