The Endocrine System - Dr. Potter - Quiz 1

Front 1

The Endocrine System acts with the _________ system to ___________ & _________ the activity of the blood. It influences metabolic activities by means of ___________ transported in the ________. Endocrine glands are ____________. Responses occur more _________ but tend to _____________ than those of the nervous system.

Back 1

The Endocrine System acts with the (Nervous) system to (Coordinate) & (integrate) the activity of the blood cells. It influences metabolic activities by mean of (hormones) transported in the (blood). Endocrine glands are (ductless). Responses occur more (slowly) but tend to (last longer) than those of those of the nervous system.

Front 2

Name (5) purely Endocrine Glands:

Back 2

TAPPP

1.) Thyroid Gland

2.) Adrenal

3.) Pituitary

4.) Parathyroid

5.) Pineal

Front 3

Name (2) glands that have BOTH Exocrine and Endocrine functions.

Back 3

1.) Pancreas

2.) Gonads

Front 4

name (1) gland that has BOTH Neural and Endocrine functions.

Back 4

Hypothalamus

Front 5

Name (7) other tissues & organs that produce hormones:

Back 5

1.) Heart

2.) Gastrointestinal Tract

3.) Kidneys

4.) Skin

5.) Adipose Tissue

6.) Skeleton

7.) Thymus

Front 6

Describe the major functions/features of the Endocrine glands.

Back 6

1.) Pineal Gland: helps regulate circadian rhythms releasing melatonin that helps sleep.

2.) Hypothalamus: is a neuroendocrine organ that helps regulate the output of pituitary hormones.

3.) Pituitary Posterior: composed largely of pituicytes (glia-like supporting cells) & nerve fibers. It releases NEUROHORMONES received ready-made from the Hypothalamus. Hormone STORAGE AREA & NOT a TRUE Endocrine gland

4.) Pituitary Anterior: been called the "Master Endocrine Gland" b/c many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands.

5.) Thyroid - located in the anterior neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx. The LARGEST PURE ENDOCRINE gland in the body

6.) Parathyroid: Usually (4) of these glands but #'s varies from one person to another. Arranged in thick, branching cords containing Oxyphil Cells & large #'s of smaller chief cells which secrete parathyroid hormone.

7.) Adrenal: Help us cope with stressful situations

8.) Ovaries

9.) Testies

Front 7

What are the (2) main classes of hormones?

Back 7

1.) Amino Acid-Based hormones -
(Amines, Thyroxine, Peptides, & Protiens)

2.) Steroids - synthesized from cholesterol, gonandal & adrenocortical hormones

Front 8

All steroid hormones are synthesized from ______________

Back 8

Cholesterol

Front 9

List (5) mechanisms of hormone action:

Back 9

1.) Alter plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels.

2.) Stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulating hormones.
- Hormone action on target cells.

3.) Activate or inactivate enzyme systems

4.) Induce secretory activity

5.)

Front 10

List (3) features for the mechanisms of Water Soluble Hormones:

Back 10

- Cannot enter target cells

- Act on plasma cell membrane receptors

- Coupled by G protein to enter intracellular 2nd messenger

***All amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) do this***

Front 11

List (5) steps for cAMP Signaling Mechanism:

Back 11

1.) Hormone binds to receptor

2.) Receptor activates G protein

3. G protein activates Adenylate cyclase

4.) Adrenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)

5.) cAMP activates Protein Kinases

Front 12

List (3) additional features of the cAMP Signaling mechanism:

Back 12

- cAMP-activated kinases phosphorylate many proteins

- Intracellular cAMP-activated kinases cascades have a huge amplification

- cAMP is rapidly degraded by the enzyme PDE

Front 13

Name (1) hormone that uses the PIP2-Calcium Release 2nd Messenger System:

Back 13

Anti-Diuretic hormone (ADH)

* Lithium disrupts this pathway

Front 14

Target cells must have specific _______ to which the hormone binds.

Back 14

Receptors

Front 15

ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the _________

Back 15

Adrenal Cortex

Front 16

What are (2) ways hormones can influence the number of their receptors?

Back 16

1.) Up-Regulation - target cells from more receptors in response to the hormone (positive feedback)

2.) Down-Regulation - target cells lose receptors in response to high levels of the hormone (negative feedback)

Front 17

what are (3) ways that hormones can interact?

Back 17

1.) Permissiveness - one hormone cannot exert its full effects w/o another hormone being present.

2.) Synergism - more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell & their combined effects are amplified.

3.) Antagonism - one hormone opposes the action of another hormone

Front 18

Name (2) major lobes of the Pituitary Gland:

Back 18

1.) Anterior Lobe - (Adrenohypophysis)

2.) Posterior Lobe - (Neurohypophysis - ADH & Oxitocin) Contains nerve fibers

Front 19

Describe the posterior lobe of the Pituitary:

Back 19

- Is a down-growth of hypothalamus tissue

- It has a neural connection to the Hypothalamus via a nerve bundle called the Hypothalomic-Hypophyseal Tract

Front 20

What are (2) hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary?

Back 20

Oxytocin & Anti-Diuretic (ADH)

Front 21

Describe the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary:

Back 21

It is a glandular tissue that receives hormones from the Hypothalamus through the Hypophyseal Portal System consisting of:
- Primary Capillary Plexus
- Hypophyseal Portal Veins
- Secondary Capillary Plexus

Front 22

Name (3) conditions associated with Growth Hormone imbalance:

Back 22

1.) Acromegaly

2.) Gigantism

3.) Dwarfism

Front 23

What are (6) protein hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary?

Back 23

1.) GH - Growth Hormone: Liver, Muscle, Bone, Cartilage, & other tissue: anabolic hormone; stimulates somatic growth; mobilizes fats; spares glucose

2.) ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: Adrenal Cortex: promotes release thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones.

3.) LH - Leutinizing Hormone: Ovaries & Testes: in FEMALES, triggers ovulation & stimulates ovarian production of estrogen & progesterone; in MALES, promotes testosterone production

4.) TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/ Thyrotropin: Thyroid Gland: stimulates Thyroid Gland to release thyroid hormones

5.) FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone: Ovaries & Testes; in FEMALES, stimulates ovarian follicle maturation & estrogen production; in MALES, stimulates sperm production

6.) PRL - Prolactin: Breast Secretory tissue: promotes lactation

Front 24

Growth hormone has a ___________ effect.

Back 24

Anabolic (targets bone & muscle)

Front 25

The (2) hormones that control release of growth hormones ___________ and _______________ are released by the _______________.

Back 25

Growth Hormone (GHRH) - release hormone; Growth Hormone (GHIH); Hypothalamus

Front 26

Which (2) hormones are stored & released by the Posterior Pituitary?

Back 26

ADH - Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

Front 27

Alcohol ____________ADH and causes ______________ urine output.

Back 27

Inhibits; Copious

Front 28

What does HYPOsecretion of ADH cause?

Back 28

Diabetes

Front 29

What is HYPERsecretion of ADH called?

Back 29

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Front 30

List (5) Mechanisms of Hormone Action:

Back 30

1.) Alter plasma membrane permeability

2.) Stimulate synthesis of protein

3.) Activate or inactivate enzyme systems

4.) Induce secretory activity

5.) Stimulate mitosis

Front 31

List (1) feature for the Mechanism of Steroid Hormones

Back 31

Do not enter cells

Front 32

___________ hormones and _________ hormone use intracellular receptors & direct __________ activation.

Back 32

(Steroid) hormones & (Thyroid) hormone use intracellular receptors & direct (Gene) activation.

Front 33

Describe the (5) steps of the Direct Gene Activation Mechanism (of Lipid soluble hormones)

Back 33

1.) Bind w/ intracellular receptors

2.) Receptor Hormone Complex enters the nucleus

3.) Receptor Hormones Complex binds to specific region of DNA

4.) This prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA

5.) Transcribed mRNA directs protein synthesis

Front 34

Hormones are synthesized and released in response to what (3) stimuli?

Back 34

1.) Humoral

2.) Hormonal

3. Neural

Front 35

Prolactin is also controlled by:

Back 35

Dopamine