The Endocrine System - Anatomy Physiology 2B

Front 1

What is the general function of the Endocrine system?

Back 1

The endocrine system releases hormones to control body activities and help maintain homeostasis.

Front 2

Hormone

Back 2

A hormone is a molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body.

Front 3

How does the response time of the endocrine system compare to that of the nervous system?

Back 3

Nervous system is rapid response (instantaneous). The endocrine system responses are slower and more sustained.

Front 4

Secretions from an _____________ ______________ enter ducts that carry the secretions to body surfaces or into cavities.

Back 4

exocrine gland

Front 5

Endocrine glands...

Back 5

secrete hormones into interstitial fluid to diffuse into capillaries and circulate in the blood to target tissues.

Front 6

The endocrine system comprises...

Back 6

all the endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells.

Front 7

Target cells

Back 7

have specific receptors for a hormone to bind to and affect cell activities.

Front 8

What are the two classes of hormones?

Back 8

lipid-soluble and water-soluble

Front 9

Describe the difference in how water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones circulate.

Back 9

Water-soluble hormones circulate in blood plasma unattached to plasma proteins; most lipid-soluble hormones circulate attached to transport proteins.

Front 10

Transport proteins: (3 functions)

Back 10

1) increase blood solubility of lipid-soluble hormones

2) prevent loss of small hormone molecules to urine

3) provide a ready reserve of hormones in the blood

Front 11

4 functions of Hormones

Back 11

1) Help regulate. Chemical composition, Metabolism
2) Control growth and development
3) Regulate operation of reproductive systems.
4) Help establish circadian rhythms

Front 12

What are 3 factors that influence the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone?

Back 12

1) the hormone's concentration,

2) abundance of target cell receptors

3) influences exerted by other hormones.

Front 13

Hormone secretion is regulated by what 3 things?

Back 13

1) nervous system signals

2) chemical changes in the blood

3) other hormones.

Front 14

Steroid hormones are derived from ____________.

Back 14

cholesterol

Front 15

What are the two Thyroid hormones?

Back 15

T3 (Triiodothyronine)
T4 (Thyroxine)

Front 16

Where are transport proteins for hormones synthesized?

Back 16

The liver

Front 17

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind to target cells? water soluble?

Back 17

Receptors within the cell. Receptor on exterior of plasma membrane.

Front 18

The major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine system is the _____________.

Back 18

Hypothalamus

Front 19

_______________ is controlled by the hypothalamus although it secretes several hormones that control endocrine glands.

Back 19

Pituitary gland

Front 20

The ___________ sits in the _________ of the sphenoid bone. Pea shaped structure.

Back 20

pituitary gland; sella turcica

Front 21

Infundibulum

Back 21

stalk that attaches the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Front 22

Another name for pituitary gland?

Back 22

hypophysis

Front 23

What are the 2 distinct regions of pituitary gland?

Back 23

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

Front 24

The _________ ___________ secretes hormones when stimulated by __________ hormones and stops secreting hormones when inhibited by _______ hormones.

Back 24

anterior pituitary; releasing; inhibiting

Front 25

Hypophyseal portal system

Back 25

links the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. Blood flows without passing through the heart.

Front 26

_______ hormones are hormones that influence the secretion of other endocrine glands.

Back 26

tropic hormones....also known as tropins

Front 27

Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _______________ (T3) and ______________ (T4)

Back 27

triiodothyronine; thyroxine

Front 28

hGH promotes synthesis and secretion of protein hormones called _________ _______ _______ that stimulate body growth and repair.

Back 28

insulinlike growth factors

Front 29

What is the difference between a stimulating hormone and a releasing hormone?

Back 29

Stimulating hormone stimulates a second endocrine gland to release a hormone. (releasing hormone)

Front 30

_______-_______ hormone targets the ovaries for monthy development of several ovarian follicles that surround a developing oocyte.

Back 30

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 31

______-______ hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) release by the anterior pituitary.

Back 31

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 32

_______________ hormone triggers ovulation.Stimulates secretion of estrogens by ovaries and testoterone by the testes.

Back 32

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 33

______________ initiates milk secretion by mammary glands.

Back 33

Prolactin (PRL)

Front 34

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of _____________-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary, which causes secretion of glucocorticoids such as cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Back 34

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 35

Low blood sugar levels of glucocorticoids stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to release Corticotropin releasing hormone which then stimulates secretion of _____________ hormone from the _______ _________.

Back 35

Adrenocorticotropic hormone;
anterior pituitary

Front 36

There is little circulating __________-________ hormone in humans. It's exact role in humans is unkown.

Back 36

Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone

Front 37

The posterior pituitary is also known as?

Back 37

neurohypophysis

Front 38

What are the two hypothalamic hormones released and stored by the posterior pituitary?

Back 38

Oxytocin
and Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

Front 39

Blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by the _________ ________ arteries.

Back 39

inferior hypophyseal

Front 40

hormone that is responsible for uterin contractions

Back 40

Oxytocin

Front 41

Hormone that decreases urine production

Back 41

Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

Front 42

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary produced? How do they get to posterior pituitary?

Back 42

Hypothalamus; Neurosecretory cells

Front 43

What shape is the thyroid gland?

Back 43

butterfly shaped

Front 44

Mass of tissue that connects lobes of the thyroid gland

Back 44

isthmus

Front 45

Microscopic spherical sacs that make up most of the thyroid gland

Back 45

thyroid follicles

Front 46

Cells that surround the lumen of the follicle (Thyroid).

Back 46

follicular cells

Front 47

Follicular cells in the thyroid produce what two hormones?

Back 47

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

Front 48

__________ cells lie between follicles in the thyroid.

Back 48

parafollicular cells

Front 49

Parafollicular cells produce the hormone ______________.

Back 49

Calcitonin

Front 50

this ion is trapped by Thyroid follicular cells.

Back 50

iodide

Front 51

a large glycoprotein secreted into the lumen of the follicle (Thyroid)

Back 51

thyroglobulin (TGB)

Front 52

The material that accumulates in the lumen of a thyroid follicle is called?

Back 52

colloid

Front 53

Droplets of colloid reenter follicular cells by ____________ and merge with lysosomes.

Back 53

pinocytosis

Front 54

Thyroid releasing hormone comes from the _____________. While Thyroid-stimulating hormone comes from the ____________.

Back 54

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland

Front 55

________ __________ __________ = The rate of oxygen consumption under standard conditions.

Back 55

Basal Metabolic Rate

Front 56

____________ ____________ causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood while decreasing urine volume.

Back 56

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 57

lowers the blood levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) and promotes deposition of (Ca2+) into the bone matrix.

Back 57

Calcitonin:

Front 58

Symptoms of increased heart rate, more forceful heartbeats, and increased blood pressure, are all signs of _________________.

Back 58

hyperthyroidism

Front 59

What cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 59

chief cells

Front 60

Parathyroid glands are embedded in the....

Back 60

posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Front 61

___________ hormone is the major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood.

Back 61

Parathyroid hormone from the Parathyroid glands

Front 62

What are the primary target tissues for Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol?

Back 62

Osteoclasts

Front 63

What are the 3 secretions out of the 3 zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

Back 63

(capsule)
Mineralocorticoids (outer zone)
Glucocorticoids (middle zone)
Androgens (inner zone)
(adrenal medulla)

Front 64

Major mineralocorticoid. Regulates homeostasis of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)

Back 64

Aldosterone

Front 65

Name the Glucocorticoid which regulates metabolism and resistance to stress. It's the most abundant, 95% of glucocorticoid activity.

Back 65

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Front 66

What hormone of the hypothalamus is responsible for stimulating glucocorticoid secretion?

Back 66

corticotropin-releasing hormone.

Front 67

____________ increase protein breakdown, enhance glucose formation, break down triglycerides, inhibit inflammation, depress immune system responses.

Back 67

Glucocorticoids

Front 68

Androgens that stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair, aid prepubertal growth spurts and contribute to libido in females are created in the __________ __________ of the _______ glands.

Back 68

Adrenal cortex; Adrenal glands

Front 69

Adrenal medulla secretes ___________ and ____________. These hormones augment the fight or flight response.

Back 69

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 70

The ____________ is both and endocrine and exocrine gland.

Back 70

pancreas

Front 71

The pancreatic endocrine tissue is referred to as _________ _____ or ________ _____________.

Back 71

pancreatic islets,
islets of Langerhans

Front 72

Alpha cells of pancreas secrete the hormone ___________.

Back 72

glucagon

Front 73

Beta cells of pancreas secrete the hormone _____________.

Back 73

insulin

Front 74

Low blood surgar levels cause secretion of __________ which acts on cells to release glucose into the blood.

Back 74

glucagon

Front 75

High blood glucose levels cause secretion of ___________, which acts on cells to increase diffusion of glucose into those cells and increases protein and fatty acid synthesis.

Back 75

Insulin

Front 76

Ovaries produce ___________ and ____________ hormones. These hormones regulate the female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for lactation.

Back 76

estrogens and progesterone.

Front 77

Ovaries produce ___________, a hormone that inhibits Follicle stimulating hormone secretion.

Back 77

inhibin

Front 78

The hormone ___________, produced by the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy, increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dialate the cervix.

Back 78

relaxin

Front 79

The testes produce _________ and _________.

Back 79

Testosterone; inhibin.

Front 80

What gland produces the hormone melatonin?

Back 80

Pineal gland

Front 81

During sleep, blood levels of ____________ rise.

Back 81

melatonin.

Front 82

99% of the pancreas consists of clusters of exocrine cells called ________ . These produce digestive enzymes.

Back 82

Acini

Front 83

Pancreatic islets are also called _______ of __________. And are found scattered amongst the _______ of the pancreas.

Back 83

islets of Langerhans;
acini

Front 84

Where is the pancreas located?

Back 84

between the kidneys

Front 85

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

Back 85

one of each lies superior to each kidney.

Front 86

Glucocorticoids have the following 5 effects :

Back 86

Protein breakdown
Glucose formation
Breakdown of triglycerides
Resistance to stress
Anti-inflammatory effects

Front 87

A conversion of a substance other than glycogen or another monosaccharide into glucose is called ___________. Example: Liver may convert amino acids or lactic acid to glucose.

Back 87

gluconeogenesis