The Endocrine System

Front 1

hormone

Back 1

chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs in the body. They are released into the blood stream and carried throughout the body. They regulate metabolism, behavior, and reproduction.

Front 2

target cell

Back 2

cells that are acted on by hormones

Front 3

receptor

Back 3

a specialized cell or part of a neuron that respond to a sensory stimuli and converts t to an electicle signal

Front 4

What is the difference btw the endocrine and nervous system?

Back 4

-the endocrine system secretes hormones that are carried in body fluids, but the nervous sytem transmits nere impulses on nerve fibes
-the endocrine system causes changes in metabolic actvtivities of target tissues, but the ervous system causes muscles to contract or glands to secrete.
-endocrine-effects are relatively slow....Nervous-effects are relatively rapid
-endocrine-effects are generally prolonged...nervous-effects are generally breif

Front 5

what are the 6 endocrine glands in the human body?

Back 5

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal

Front 6

what organs and tissues are not exclusively endocrine, but secrete hormones?

Back 6

stomach-secretes gastrin(stimulates digestive activity)
small intestine-secretes secretein and cholecystoknin(CCK)
Kidneys-erythropoietin
Heart-atrial natriuretic peptide
Placenta-estrogen, progesterone, hCG

Front 7

differentiate btw endocrine and exocrine

Back 7

endocrine-secrete their products into the bloodstream, and are ductless
exocrine-secrete there products through ducts

Front 8

whare does a hormone attach? What does it affect?

Back 8

it attaches to receptors in the plasma membrane, and once attached to the cell, the hormone affects cell activities, regulating the manufacture of proteins, changing permeablity of the membrane, or affecting metabolic reactions

Front 9

What happens in the presence of excess hormones? What is this called

Back 9

the number of receptors decrease, and it is called down-regulation, and target cells become less sensitive to the hormone.

Front 10

What us up-regulation?

Back 10

the number of receptors increses in the presence of hormonal deficiency. Target cells become more sensitive to the hormone.

Front 11

What are circulating hormones?

Back 11

hormones that pass from secretory cells into intersticial fluid and into the blodostream.

Front 12

What are local hormones?

Back 12

Hormones that act locally on neighbouring cells, or on thesame cells that secreted them without entering the bloodstream.

Front 13

What are the categories of chemical hormones based on solubility?

Back 13

1. lipid soluble hormones
2. water-soluble hormones

Front 14

Describe lipid-soluble hormones?

Back 14

Includes steroids, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide
-bind to transport protiens for transport in blood.
-receptors are found inside target cells
-affect cell function by altering gene expression.

Front 15

Describe water soluble horones.

Back 15

Includes amine hormones(altered amino acids), peptid hormones(amino acid chainds), eicosanoids(fatty acid derivative)
-examples: melationin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ADH, oxytocin, hgh, and insulin

Front 16

what are amine hormones?

Back 16

altered amino acids-simple

Front 17

what are peptid hormones?

Back 17

amino acid chains

Front 18

what are eicosanoids?

Back 18

fatty acid derivative

Front 19

what do water-soluble hormones do?

Back 19

circulate in blood plasma in a free form-not attached to other molecules
-receptors are on the outer surface of the target cell membrane.
-alters cell function through the production of enzymes within a cell

Front 20

Wheat are 3 organic compounds?

Back 20

steroid, protien, and amine

Front 21

what is the precurser(base hormone), and and example of a steroid.

Back 21

cholesterol is the precurser, and some examples are sex hormones, and some hormones of the adrenal cortex

Front 22

what is the precurser for protien, and what are some examples of protiens?

Back 22

the precursor is amino acids, and an example is pituiraty hormones, and parathyroid hormones

Front 23

what is the precursor for amine?, what are examples of amine?

Back 23

amino acids are the precursor for amine, and some examples are hormones of the adrenal medulla

Front 24

what factors regulate hormone secretion?

Back 24

1. signals from the nervous system
2. chemical changes in the blood
3. other hormones

Front 25

what is a negative feedback system?

Back 25

Reverses the change in a controlled condition.
Glands are sensitive to the concentraion of the substances that regulate it, and when the consentration reaches a certain level, it inhibits the gland production. As the gland secretes less hormone, the controlled substance also decreases.

Front 26

What is a postitive feedback system?

Back 26

strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.A gland is stimulated to increase its rate of secretion by a substance that it causes to be producted. An example is oxytocin which stimulates uterine contractions, and in turn stimulate more oxytocin release. These type of systems are uncommon in hormonal regulation

Front 27

What are releaseing hormones?

Back 27

hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that are released in response to other hormones.

Front 28

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Back 28

it is part of the diencephalon inferior to the thalamus.

Front 29

what does the hypothalamus do?

Back 29

it is an integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous system
-it helps control some endocrine glands by neural and hormonal pathways
-it's cells synthesize 9 different hormones.

Front 30

What is the pituitary gland?

Back 30

a small pea-shaped gland located deep within the brain and is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

Front 31

what is the infundibulum?

Back 31

a stalk that attached the hypothalamus to the pituitary

Front 32

what is the sella turcica?

Back 32

a bony cup suspended by the indundibulum

Front 33

What is the general function of the pituiraty gland?

Back 33

often called the master gland becase it releases hormones that control the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus.

Front 34

describe the hypothalamus

Back 34

small part of the diencephalo, inferior to the thalamus. Compoese of 12 nuclei.
-integrative center for the endocrine and the autonomic nervous system
-helps control some endocrine glands by neural and hormonal pathways
-cells within synthesize 9 different hormones

Front 35

What are the lobes of the pituiraty?

Back 35

anterior pituitary, and posterior pituitary.

Front 36

what is the hypophyseal portal system?

Back 36

releasing hormones regulate pituiraty hormones, and these releaseing hormones are sent to the anterior pituiraty via a special circulatory pathway called a hypophyseal portal system.

Front 37

What are the 7 hormoes of the anterior pituitary?

Back 37

(LAMP THL)
Lutinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
prolactin
thyroid stimulating hormone
human growth hormone

Front 38

Explain HGH

Back 38

human growth hormone(somatotrophin)-stimulates tissues to secrete growth factors

Front 39

explain TSH

Back 39

thyroid stimulating hormone(thyrotropin)-congrols the secreteions and activities of the thyroid gland

Front 40

explain PRL

Back 40

prolactin-stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

Front 41

explain melanocyte stimulating hormone

Back 41

MSH-role not fully understood-may influence brain activity

Front 42

Explain ACTH

Back 42

adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimultaes the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids, especially cortisol

Front 43

explain FSH

Back 43

follicle stimulating hormone-stimulates the ovaries to secrete estropgen and initieates the developmet of oocytes. Stimulates the testes to produce sperm

Front 44

Explain LH

Back 44

lutinizing hormone-stimulation ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum.
-Stimulaties the ovaries to secrete estrogen and progesterone
-stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

Front 45

what is a trophin?

Back 45

hormone that incluiences another gland

Front 46

t/f the posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones?

Back 46

True

Front 47

Name and explain the hormones that the posterior pituitary stores and releases?

Back 47

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)(vasopressin):
1)stimulates H20 retention by incresing H20 reabsorbtion in the kidneys, and decreasing secretory activity in sweat glands.
2)increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles and decreasing H20 losses.

Oxytocin/OT
1)enhances uterine contractions which aids in delivery of fetus and placenta
2)stiulates milk letdown from breasts due to stimulation by suckling
3)partially responsible for sexual pleasure durng intercourse.

Front 48

be able t the to draw the chart of hormone stimulation

Back 48

i'm serious...do it or die!

Front 49

What is the largest of the endocrine glands?

Back 49

the thyroid gland

Front 50

where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 50

in the neck, anterior to the trachea, and inferior to the larynx

Front 51

what is the isthmus?

Back 51

a bridge of tissue that connnects the 2 lobes of the thyroid

Front 52

T/F they thyroid gland is highly vascluar?

Back 52

true

Front 53

what is the only gland that stores large quantities of its own products?

Back 53

the thyroid gland

Front 54

what hormoes does the thyroid gland produce?

Back 54

thyroxin, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

Front 55

what are the effects of the thyroid hormones?

Back 55

1)increased metabolic rate
2)produce calorigenic effect(increased body temp, increased use of ATP.
3)enhance some actions of catecholamines
4)regulate metabolism by:
-stimulating protein synthesis
-increasing glucose and fatty acid use
-increasing lipolysis and cholesterol excretion
5)accelerate body growth, especially in nervous and skeletal systems.

Front 56

What is the release of thyroid hormones stimulated by?

Back 56

low BMR(basil metabolic rate) or low lood levels of T3 and T4

Front 57

What does elevated T3 inhibit?

Back 57

the release of TRH and TSH

Front 58

What does calcitonin do?

Back 58

-decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels(inhibits the actions of oseteoclasts)
-accelerates uptake of Ca and phosphate into bone matrix
-is controlled by negative feedback system

Front 59

What are parathyroid glands?

Back 59

-comprised of 4 round masses
-located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland-embedded in the capsule
-there is generally 1 superior and 1 inferior gland for each lobe of the thyroid

Front 60

What is the role of PTH?

Back 60

regulates blood calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels by:
-increasing osteoclast numbers
-controlling secretion and rebsorption in the kidneys

Front 61

summarize calcium metabolism

Back 61

-PTH promotes the release of calcium from bone tissue, icreasing the amount of calcium circulating in the blood streem.
-PTH causes the kidney to retain calcium
-Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, and lowers the amount of Ca circulating in th-active form of vitamin D, called calcitriol, icreases absorption of Ca by the intestines thus raising blood Ca levels.

Front 62

describe adrenal glands

Back 62

small pyramidal shaped glands located above each kidney.
-they have a cortex, and medulla

Front 63

what do the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 63

epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Front 64

when are epinephrine, and norepinephrine released in the adrenal medualla?

Back 64

in response to stimulation by the sympathetic branch or ANS
-HOrmonal release occurs quickly due to ANS control

Front 65

How do epinephrine and norepinephrine start the fight or flight response?

Back 65

-incresing HR
-Increase BP
-Dialating bronchioles through relaxation of smooth muscles in the airways
-increasing blood flow to the main organs
-promotoes conversion of glycogen to glucose, and fats into fatty acids

Front 66

What are the three groups of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Back 66

mineralcorticoids-affect mineral homeostasis
glucocorticoids-affects glucose homeostasis
androgens-affect secondary sex characteristics

Front 67

What stimulates the release of mineralcorticoids?

Back 67

increased levels of angiotensin 2

Front 68

what is the major mineralcoirticoid?

Back 68

aldosterone

Front 69

waht do mineral corticoids do?

Back 69

-promote the exretion of hydrogen ions helping to regulate blood pH
-adjust BP and blood volume
-control reabsorbtion in the kidney tubules

Front 70

what are some glucocorticoids?

Back 70

cortisol(95%),cortisone, corticosterone

Front 71

what is secretin controled by?

Back 71

cortisol levels trough a negative feedback system

Front 72

what causes glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?

Back 72

low cortisol stimulates release of corticotropn-releaseing hormone(CRH) from hpothalamus. CRH and low cortisol stimulate secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, which causes glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex.

Front 73

What effects do glucoccorticoids exert?

Back 73

-promotes protien breakdown, wsp in muscle
-promotes glycogenesis-conversion of amino acidslactic acid into glucose
-promotes lipolysis-breakdown of adipose tissue and triglycerides into fatty acids
-aids in the body responding to stressors
-suppresses inflammatory response by inhibiting WBC action

Front 74

What is the main androgen?

Back 74

dehydropiandrosterone

Front 75

what do androgens do

Back 75

promote the develoment of secondary sex characterististics and contributes to prepubertal growth spirts in both sexes

Front 76

After puberty, what effect do androgens have on females?

Back 76

-promote libido
-undergo conversion to estrogen by other tissues
-provide postmenstral estrogen

Front 77

What is the main hormone to stimulate the secretion androgens?

Back 77

ACTH

Front 78

What is the pancreas?

Back 78

an elongated coma shaped organ located in the middline of the retroperitoneal region of the abdomen. Has exocrine and endocrine tissue

Front 79

What are the pancreatic islet cell types?

Back 79

-alpha-15%- secrete glucagon
-beta-70-80% -secrete insulin
-Delta-5% secrete somatostatin
-F cells-secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Front 80

What do the 4 pancreatic enzymes do?

Back 80

glucagon-raises blood glucose
insulin-lowers blood glucose
-somatostatin-inhibits inulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutriens fro the GI tract
-Pancreatic polypeptide-inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contractions, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

Front 81

What are gonads?

Back 81

organs that produce gametes
-females: ovaries-produce oocytes
-males: testes-produce sperm

Front 82

What are testes and what is the main hormone that they produce?

Back 82

2 oval glands in the scrotum that produce testosterone

Front 83

what does testosterone do?

Back 83

regulates sperm production, stiulates and maintains econdary male sex characteristics

Front 84

What are the hormones produced by the ovaries?

Back 84

estrogen and progesterone.

Front 85

what do the ovarian hormones do?

Back 85

-regulate menstrual cycle
-maintain pregnancy
-prepare mammary glands for lactation
-promote enlargement of hips and breasts
-maintin secondary female sex characteristics

Front 86

thymus

Back 86

lymphatic organ located in the mediastinum btw the sternum ad the aorta.

Front 87

what is the role of the thymus?

Back 87

plays an important role in the development of immunity

Front 88

what are the main hormones of the thymus? What do they do?

Back 88

thymosin, and thymopoietin-they promote maturation of WBC's know as t-lymphocytes

Front 89

what is the pineal gland?

Back 89

a small, flattened, cone-shaped structure attacheed to the roof of the third ventricle.

Front 90

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Back 90

melatonin which is thought to contribute to the body's biological clock

Front 91

what hormone does the stomach produce What does it do?

Back 91

gastrin-stimulates digestive activity

Front 92

What hormone does the small intestine secrete? What do they do?

Back 92

secretin and chelecystokinin-they stimulate the production of digestive juices and help regulate the process of digestion.

Front 93

What hormone do the kidneys release? What does it do?

Back 93

erythorpoietin-stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

Front 94

What hormone does the heart secrete?

Back 94

ANP(antrial natriuretic peptide)-decreased blood volume and BP in response to excessive fluid volums in the atria.

Front 95

What hormones does the placenta produce during pregnancy?

Back 95

Estrogen, progesterone, HCG(Human choronic gonadorphin)-they help maintian the preganancy and prepare mamary glands for milk production

Front 96

What are prostagladins?

Back 96

-a group of hormones made in all body tissues except RBC's
-produced, act adn are rapidly inactivated in or close to thier sites of origin
-they act as local homones
-play a role in promoting inflammation of the liver

Front 97

What is the general adaptation response?

Back 97

It is controlled by the hypothalamus
-the elicited response follows a predictable sequence. The stages are:
-fight or flight
-resistane reaction
-exhaustion

Front 98

Explain the fight or flight response

Back 98

initiated by sympathetic branch of the ANS
-rapid, short lived response
-brings huge amounts of o2 to brain, skelatal muscles, and heart
-inhibits nonessential body functions of the digestive system, urinary, and reproductive systems

Front 99

Explain the resistane reaction

Back 99

Initiated primarily by hypothalamic releasing hormones and is a longer lasting response.
-stimulates release of glucose, fatty and amino acids into the blood for ATP production
-cortisol release helps reduce inflammation
-helps the body to continue to fight the stressor long after fight or flight response disapates

Front 100

Explain exhaustion

Back 100

Once the body becomes depleted, and cannot sustain the resistance stage, exhaustion follows.
-Prolonged exposure to cortisol and other hromones leads to muscle wasting, suppression of the immune system, and ulceration of the GI tract and failure of the pancreatc beta cells

Front 101

What can loss of muscle be attributed to?

Back 101

decrease in the production of hGH

Front 102

What does decreased output of thyroid hormones lead to?

Back 102

a decrease in BMR and an ncrease in body fat

Front 103

What can lead to a loss of bone mass and osteoporosis?

Back 103

Decreased levels of clacitonin and increased PTH

Front 104

What happens when insulin release in the pancreas slows, and receptor sensitivity declines?

Back 104

blood sugars rise more quickly, and return to normal slower

Front 105

What happens with regards to estrogen and testosterone with aging?

Back 105

It decreases

Front 106

Why may endocrine disorders result?

Back 106

due to defects in the:
-glands
-release of trophic or effector hormones
-hormone transport
-target tissue sensitivity

Front 107

How do you end up wth a hormone disorder?

Back 107

-hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones
-hyporesponisiveness of hormone receptors
-inflammation of glands
-gland tumors

Front 108

Name some characteristics of Sterioid hormones

Back 108

-bind to a receptor in the cells nucleus
-is lipid soluble
-activates a gene to transcribe messenger RNA

Front 109

Name some characteristics of an amino-acid based hormone

Back 109

-binds to a plasma membrane receptor
-acts through a second essenger such a cyclic AMP

Front 110

Which hormone is a basal metabolic hormone?

Back 110

thyroxine

Front 111

What hormone programs T lymphocytes?

Back 111

thymosin

Front 112

What is the most importat hormone regulating the amount of calcium circulating in the blood; released when blood calcium levels drop

Back 112

parathyroid hormone

Front 113

which hormone helps to protect the body during long-term stressful situations such as extended illnes and surgery?

Back 113

cortisol, and glucocorticoids

Front 114

What is a short-term stress hormone that aids in the fight or flight response?

Back 114

epinephrine

Front 115

what is necessary if glucose is to be taken up by body cells?

Back 115

insulin

Front 116

What are four tropic hormones?

Back 116

ACTH, GH/FST, TSH, LH

Front 117

What acts antagonistically to insulin, and is produced by the same endocrine gland?

Back 117

glucagon

Front 118

What hypothalamic hormone is important in regulating water balence?

Back 118

ADH

Front 119

What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?

Back 119

FSH and LH

Front 120

What hormones directly regulate the enstral or uterine cycle?

Back 120

Estrogena and progesterone

Front 121

What is an adrenal cortex hormone involved in regulating salt levels of body fluids?

Back 121

Aldosterone

Front 122

What is necessary for milk production

Back 122

prolactin, oxytocin

Front 123

What hormone would be lacking if there was sexual immaturity?

Back 123

estrogen and testosterone

Front 124

What hormone would be lacking if there was tetany

Back 124

PTH

Front 125

What hormone would be lacking if there was Excessive urination withough high blood glucose levels, cuases dehydration and tremendous thirst

Back 125

ADH

Front 126

What hormone would be lacking if there was Goiter

Back 126

T3 and t4

Front 127

What hormone would be lacking if there was Cretanism, a type of dwarfism in which the inibidual retains childlike proportions and is mentally retarded?

Back 127

Thyroxin, triiodonine

Front 128

What hormone would be lacking if there was excessive thirst, high blod glucose lees, acidosis

Back 128

insulin

Front 129

What hormone would be lacking if there was abnormally small stature, normal proportions

Back 129

HGH

Front 130

What hormone would be lacking if there was miscarriage

Back 130

progesterone, estrogen

Front 131

What hormone would be lacking if there was lethargy, falling hair, low basal metabolic rate, obesity

Back 131

thyroxin

Front 132

what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
latern jaw, large hands and feet, acromegaly

Back 132

HGH

Front 133

what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
Bulging eyeballs, nervousness, increased pulse rate, weight loss

Back 133

TSH, T3, T4

Front 134

what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if demineralization of bones, spontaneuous fractures?

Back 134

PTH

Front 135

what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
cushings syndrome

Back 135

glucocorticoids

Front 136

what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
Abnormally large stature, arelatively normal body proportions

Back 136

GH

Front 137

what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
Abnormal hairiness, masculinization

Back 137

androgen