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30 Cards in this Set

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What is the Endocrine System?
Hormone which are chemical messengers released into the blood to be transported throughout the body, cellular receptor initiates responses that occur after a lag period of seconds
or even days.
What is a Gland?
A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid

Classified by:
A.) Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine

B.) Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicellular
Endocrine vs. Exocrine
The difference between both are:
1.) Endocrine glands are ductless, they release the product directly into the blood

2.) Exocrine glands release their products at the body’s surface or outside an epithelial membrane via duct
Which two (2) organs produce BOTH Endocrine & Exocrine products?
The Pancreas & the Gonads
What do we call the products of the Endocrine glands?
HORMONES: chemical “messengers” that helps to coordinate and integrate the activity of the body
What are the functions of Hormones?
- Regulate the metabolic function of other cells

- Have lag times ranging from seconds to hours

- Tend to have prolonged effects
Name three (3) classes of Hormones
1.) Amino acid based

2.) Steroids

3.) Eicosanoids
Most hormones belong to this class, including:
Amino acid based class, including:

Amines, thyroxine, peptide, and protein hormones
Which hormones belong to the Steroid class?
Gonadal and Adrenocortical Hormones
Which hormones belong to the Eicosanoid class?
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
Hormone Action:

By which mechanisms do Hormones alter target cell activity?
- Second messengers involving:
Regulatory G proteins
Amino acid–based hormones

- Direct gene activation involving steroid hormones
How are blood levels of hormones controlled?
by negative feedback systems
Hormones are synthesized and released in response to:
1.) Humoral stimuli [parathyroid gland]

2.) Neural stimuli [ medulla of Adren.G-secret cateco. {epinephrine .and norep.}

3.) Hormonal stimuli [ Hypotha.secret Hormones that estimulate ant.pituitary G.]
What secretory product/ hormone does the Pineal Gland produce?
Melatonin
What is the function of Melatonin?
Melatonin is involved with:

- Day / night cycles

- Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)
What two (2) functions does the Hypothalamus have?
The Hypothalamus has both neural and hormonal release functions
Where is the Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis located?

And

What is it composed of?
The pituitary gland is located in the concavity of the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid Bone.

It is composed of two functional lobes: Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
How many lobes does the Pituitary Gland have & how many major hormones does it produce?
Two (2) lobes & it produces nine (9) major hormones.
Neurohypophysis is located in the __________ lobe (neural tissue) and the ____________ and it's function is to:
Posterior; Infundibulum

Receive, store, and release hormones from the hypothalamus
Adenohypophysis is located in the __________ lobe, & is made up of ____________ tissue and it's function is to:
anterior; glandular

Synthesize and Secrete a number of hormones
TSH stands for:

What is it's function?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

- It influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
ACTH stands for:

What is it's function?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

- Regulate the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland
FSH stands for:

LH Stands for:

What do they BOTH regulate?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

- They both regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes).
List the Adenophypophysis
Hormones.
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL
GH stands for:

What is it's funtion?
Growth Hormone

- It is a general metabolic hormone that plays and important role in determining body size.
PRL stands for:

What is it's function?
Prolactin

Stimulates breast development and promote and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth. It may stimulate testosterone production in males.
What is the Posterior Pituitary made up of & what does it store?
Axons of Hypothalamic Neurons; stores Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
Where are ADH and Oxytocin synthesized?
in the Hypothalamus
What does ADH influence?
Water balance
What does Oxytocin stimulate?
smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus