The Dynamic Earth

Front 1

name the feature of Earth that sets it apart from the other terrestrial (solid) planets

Back 1

hot, molten interior

Front 2

about how old is the Earth

Back 2

4.5 billion years

Front 3

collisions of planetesimals with the early Earth became more frequent ass the ______ of the Earth increased

Back 3

mass

Front 4

Meteorite impacts with the early Earth made a major contribution to the Earth's total supply of ______

Back 4

water

Front 5

the very high amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth's early atmosphere was the result of ____________________

Back 5

volcanic out-gassing

Front 6

the high heat of the Earth's inner core is primarily due to ______________

Back 6

radioactivity

Front 7

the time it takes for half of a given amount of uranium to change into atoms of lead is called the _______________

Back 7

half life

Front 8

What is the half life for Uranium?

Back 8

4.5 billion years

Front 9

the location of the sudden movement along a fault is known as the ____________

Back 9

focus

Front 10

epicenter

Back 10

the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus

Front 11

A. reverse(thrust)
B. normal
C. transform(strike-slip)

Back 11

One rock mass pushes over another
one rock mass slips down relative to another
rock masses slip sideways by each other

Front 12

Two kinds of body seismic waves

Back 12

primary and secondary

Front 13

the Earth's longest mountain range is found on the ocean floor. what is its name?

Back 13

mid atlantic ridge

Front 14

the device that is able to record seismic waves:______________ the record of an earthquake produced by this device is called a __________

Back 14

seismograph; reverse

Front 15

The kind of fault is formed by the compression (squeezing) of the Earth's surface

Back 15

thrust

Front 16

what kind of fault is usually responsible for producing mountains

Back 16

thrust

Front 17

what does the term "fold refer to?

Back 17

mountains

Front 18

name the only type of seismic waves that travel as longitudinal waves ________. All the others travel as what kind of waves? __________

Back 18

primary; transverse

Front 19

The fastest seismic waves and the first to arrive at seismic recording stations are the __________

Back 19

primary

Front 20

The oldest rocks that have been found on Earth are not older than about ________ years. Why is this? _____________________________________________

Back 20

3.8 billion; the oldest rocks have been subdued and recycled

Front 21

what processes on Earth have kept it from looking as cratered as the surface of the moon?

Back 21

combined effects of erosion, weather and subduction

Front 22

The distance to an earthquake is determined directly from the ____________________

Back 22

s-p wave, time interval

Front 23

The number of seismic recordings stations needed to locate the epicenter and the magnitude of an earthquake is ___

Back 23

3

Front 24

The magnitude of an earthquake is determined based upon the __________ to the earthquake and the _________ of the highest _________

Back 24

distance, amplitude, s-wave

Front 25

how much more ground motion (shaking) would a magnitude 8.4 earthquake produce compared to a magnitude 5.4 earthquake?

Back 25

10X10X10= 1,000X more

Front 26

the effects, damage and intensity of earthquake is measured by the _________ scale which has __ levels of intensity.

Back 26

mercalli, 12

Front 27

Which seismic waves can travel through liquids?

Back 27

s-waves

Front 28

what two sources of evidence demonstrate that the inner core is solid:

Back 28

1. P-wave speed increases
2. S-wave refraction and focusing

Front 29

S-waves do not travel through the outer core which shows that it is a

Back 29

liquid

Front 30

Which type of seismic waves travel faster in solids and slower in liquids?

Back 30

p-waves

Front 31

Liquid mantle material that oozes up along hot spots on the Earth's surface is called _________. When this material is ejected onto the surface of the Earth it changes chemically and is called ______

Back 31

magma, lava

Front 32

The source of magma is then ___________

Back 32

asenthosphere (lower mantle)

Front 33

which part of the Earth is a solid, but has a gooey consistency that enables it to flow?

Back 33

mantle

Front 34

name the action that occurs at deep ocean trenches

Back 34

subduction

Front 35

the two parts of the lithosphere are the __________ and the _____________________.

Back 35

crust, upper mantle

Front 36

name the two sea floor features that are located at the boundaries of many of the plates: _____________and _________________________.

Back 36

trenches, volcanic islands

Front 37

sea floor spreading occurs at what sea floor feature?

Back 37

mid-oceanic ridge

Front 38

the asthenosphere is located just below the ______________

Back 38

lithosphere

Front 39

relative to the plates, where are earthquakes least likely to occur?

Back 39

mid plate

Front 40

the theory of plate tectonics is most important because it explains why __________ occur where they do.

Back 40

earthquakes

Front 41

What kind of earthquake activity is found along a:
A. Divergent plate boundary?
B. Transform Plate Boundary?
C. Convergent Plate Boundary?

Back 41

shallow
mostly shallow
shallow, medium, deep

Front 42

Name the two Earth surface features that are almost always present at a convergent plate boundary: _____________ and _____________

Back 42

trenches, volcanoes

Front 43

The world-wide distribution of epicenters shows that earthquakes occur most frequently at deep ocean ________ along the ________________________ and at the _______ of plates.

Back 43

trenches, mid-oceanic ridge, edges

Front 44

what kind of plate boundary is located at:
A. the mid-oceanic ridge?
B. the san andreas fault?
C. the peru- chile trench?

Back 44

divergent
transform
convergent

Front 45

the lithosphere 'floats' on top of the

Back 45

asenthosphere

Front 46

What kind of earthquake fault is the san andreas fault?

Back 46

transform or strike slip

Front 47

Name the kind of plate boundary where the plates move:
A. toward each other
B. away from each other
C. past each other

Back 47

convergent
divergent
transform

Front 48

The force to move coastal california northward along the san andreas fault is provided by the ___________ section of the _______________________

Back 48

east pacific rise, mid-oceanic ridge

Front 49

Name the six largest lithospheric plates:

Back 49

North America, Australia-India, Pacific, Antartica, African, Eurasian

Front 50

Motion of pacific plate along the san andreas fault has been measured to average about _____ per year

Back 50

3.5 cm

Front 51

It would be possible for secondary waves (s-waves) to travel through all areas of the Earth except for the _________________

Back 51

outer core

Front 52

Evidence to support the concept that the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid comes from the wave shadow effect of __ and __ waves and the increase in velocity of __ eaves as they encounter the inner core.

Back 52

P, S, P

Front 53

The outer core is probably composed of the elements ______ and _________

Back 53

iron, nickel