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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accessory Digestive Organs |
- Salivary glands - liver - gallbladder - pancreas |
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Ingestion |
- intake of food - occurs in mouth |
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Propulsion |
- movement of food - peristalsis - major means of propulsion - contraction of smooth muscle that builds walls of gut tube |
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Mechanical Digestion |
- prepares food for chemical digestion - chewing, churning food in stomach, segmentation |
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Chemical Digestion |
- complex molecules broken down to chemical components - mouth - stomach - small intestine |
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Absorption |
- uptake and transport of digested nutrients into body - Lumen → CVS |
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Defecation |
elimination of indigestible substances as feces |
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4 Layers of GI Tract (lumen → external) |
1 - Mucosa 2 - Submucosa 3 - Muscularis 4 - Serosa |
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Mucosa |
- Simple columnar epithelium or simple squamous - Lamina Propria (CT) - Muscularis Mucosae (sm. muscle separating lamina propria from submucosa) |
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Submucosa |
- attaches mucosa to serosa - Areolar Connective Tissue |
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Muscularis |
Smooth Muscle Tissue - inner circular muscle: when contract constrict/squeeze - outer longitudinal muscle: run length of tract when contract = scrunch up tract |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue |
- not striped - makes up walls of hollow organs |
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Serosa |
- visceral peritoneum - areolar connective tissue - epithelium (simple squamous) |
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Mesenteries |
- outfoldings of peritoneum that helps suspend organs in place and adipose embedded within to store nutrients and help keep gut tube organs from getting tangled |
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Intraperitoneal |
any gut tube structures that is suspended into the peritoneal cavity via a mesentery |
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Retroperitoneal |
- any abdominal structure that does not have a mesentery |
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5 Major Peritoneal Folds |
- greater omentum - lesser omentum - falciform ligament - mesentery proper - mesocolon |
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Greater Omentum |
- hangs off greater curvature of stomach → pubic bone (curtain) - what gives people beer belly |
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Lesser Omentum |
lesser curvature of stomach → liver - holds in place with respect to one another |
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Falciform Ligament |
attaches liver → front of abdominopelvic cavity (ventral Wall) - divides liver into 2 lobes |
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Mesentery Proper |
parts of small intestine → back of abdominopelvic wall
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Mesocolon |
parts of large intestine → back of abdominopelvic wall |
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Retroperitoneal parts of digestive tract |
- duodenum - pancreas (gut derivative) - cecum - ascending colon - descending colon |
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What lies between the skin and mucous membranes of the cheeks? |
buccinator muscles and connective tissue |
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Uvula |
- has a ton of nerve endings → gagging |
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Rugae in mouth |
- ridges to help breakdown food/ move food back - help provide resonance (echo chamber) |
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Saliva |
- helps lubricate food → turn to bolus → swallow - provides enzymes |
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Salivary Amylase |
- plays a minor role in the breakdown of starch in the mouth |
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Lysozyme |
- degrades bacteria cell walls |
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Function of the Esophagus |
- peristalsis |
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Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) |
- 1st doorway - sits at junction where larynx → esophagus - relaxes → bolus pass through - passes through hole in diaphragm → stomach |
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What causes the UES to relax? |
- swallowing (ex) - elevation of the larynx causes the sphincter to relax allowing the bolus to enter the esophagus |
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What lubricates the bolus and reduces friction? |
- mucus secreted by esophageal glands |
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Lower Esophageal (gastroesophageal or cardiac) sphincter |
- doorway from esophagus → stomach |
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Stomach |
- J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract - connects the esophagus to the duodenum - functions as a mixing area and holding reservoir - position and size of the stomach vary continually - digestion of starch that began in the mouth continues, digestion of proteins and some triglycerides - begins, the semisolid bolus is converted to a liquid (chyme) and certain substances are absorbed |
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4 main regions of the stomach |
- Cardia (sits right next to apex of heart) - Fundus (sits above cardiac sphincter) - Body - Pylorus |
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Fundus |
- part of stomach that shouldn't have food - puts pressure on cardiac sphincter and chyme leaks out - heart burn |
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Pyloris |
- region of stomach that connects the duodenum - has 2 parts: pyloric antrum and pyloric canal |
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Rugae in stomach |
- ridges to expand stomach to help digest |
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Gallbladder |
- stores and concentrates bile - expels bile into duodenum - greenish due to bile salts |
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Pancreas |
- 2 organs built into one - exocrine and endocrine portion - secretes pancreatic enzymes - Acinar Cells - Pancreatic juice |
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Acinar Cells secrete |
- pancreatic enzymes - pancreatic lipase - pancreatic amylase - peptidases |
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Liver |
- largest gland and second largest organ (3 pounds) - has over 500 functions |
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Liver Digestive Function |
bile production to emulsify fats - nutrient and energy storage |
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Liver Hepatic Functions |
- metabolism - detoxification - plasma protein synthesis - nutrient and energy storage - activation of vitamin D - RBC and bacteria removal - cholesterol and bilirubinexcretion - bile secretion - neutralizer |
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Regions and sphincters of small intestine |
pyloric sphincter → duodenum → jejunum → ileum → ileocecal sphincter |
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What is not absorbed in the small intestine and moved to the large intestine? |
- indigestible food residues, like cellulose - unabsorbed biliary components - remaining fluid |
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Large intestine |
- extends from the ileum to the anus - mesocolon in places - 4 principle regions: cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
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Attached to the cecum is the... |
appendix or vermiform appendix |
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Gross anatomy of large intestine |
cecum → appendix → colon → ascending → right colic flexure → transverse → left colic flexure → descending → sigmoid → rectum → anal canal → internal/external anal sphincter → |
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Functions of Large Intestine |
- Haustral Churning - Peristalsis - Mass Peristalsis - Dehydration (put fluid back into bloodstream) - Site of important symbiotic relationship |
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Pancreas Exocrine portion |
- duct cells to secrete sodium bicarbonate - acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes |
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Pancreatic Amylase |
- digests carbohydrates to monosaccharides |
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Pancreatic Lipase |
- digests lipids to fatty acids |
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Peptidases |
- digests proteins to amino acids |
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Endocrine Portion of Pancreas |
makes and releases insulin and glucagon |
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Sodium Bicarbonate ion |
neutralize acidic chyme before entering small intestine - prevents ulcer in small intestine |
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What gets first and second pass at nutrients? |
1st - liver through hepatic portal system 2nd - adipose |
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Rectum |
storage/trash compacting faculty |
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Appendix |
- built from immune system tissue - helps fight infection |
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Taeniae Coli |
- anchor for haustra |
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Haustra (haustrum) |
contract massively, moving from one section to next |
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Epiploic Appendages |
- fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum - place to store nutrients |
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Symbiotic Relationship |
- relationship of 2 different species living next to each other |
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Mutualism |
- both species of organisms in relationship benefit - Ex: bacteria - safe place to live and feed Us - the bacteria make and produce vitamin K - essential to making blood clots - antibiotics: waste moves fast = diarrhea |
