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160 Cards in this Set

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What is the alimentary canal?
The canal that runs from the mouth to the anus; the places where the "food" actually "touches".
What is an accessory organ in the digestive system?
An organ that assists in digestion, but the food doesn't actually touch, like the liver.
What are four examples of accessory organs in the digestive system?
Gall bladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands.
What are the seven main parts of the alimentary canal, in order?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, lg. intestine, anus
What is the interior lining of the alimentary canal called?
The mucosa.
What type of tissue is mucosa?
Epithelium.
What are the two primary functions of the mucosa?
Function in secretion and absorption.
What is the layer behind the mucosa?
Submucosa.
What four types of tissue is the submucosa made of?
Loose connective, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves.
What layer of the alimentary canal's lining helps propel food through it?
Muscular layer.
What is it called when the muscular layer in the lining of the alimentary canal propels food through it?
Peristalsis.
What two types of fibers compose the muscular layer of the alimentary canal?
inner=circular fibers
outer=longitudal fibers
What is another name for the serosa?
Visceral peritoneum.
What is the function of the serosa?
To secrete serous fluid to lubricate organs.
What are the two major functions of the motion of peristalsis?
To PROPEL food through the alimentary canal,and to MIX food with enzymes.
Define peristalsis.
Alternating contractions and relaxations of muscles that moves food through the alimentary canal.
After you chew your food, what is the mass that is being swallowed called?
The bolus.
What two functions of digestion does the mouth initiate?
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
How does the mouth chemically digest food?
Saliva begins digestion.
How does the mouth mechanically digest food?
By tearing and grinding using the teeth.
What is the function of the cheeks?
To hold food in place.
What is the function of the lips?
To determine temperature and texture of food.
What four types of taste buds does everyone have?
Salt, sweet, bitter, sour
What are papillae?
Projections that encase taste buds.
In addition to housing taste buds, what else do papillae do?
Help move food around.
How many pairs of tonsils do we have, and what are their names?
1.)Lingual - located at the root of the tongue.
2.)Palatine - back of the mouth
3.)Pharyngeal - posterior wall of pharynx.
What are the functions of tonsils?
They are lymphatic tissue, and each function in immunity and lymphatic functions.
How many teeth are in a child? How about an adult?
20 child, 32 adult
What is the function of mechanical digestion?
Break large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
What are the two types of the palates?
The anterior hard palate, and the posterior soft palate.
What part of the maxillary bone is known as the anterior hard palate?
The palatine process of the maxillary bone.
What is the posterior soft palate made of?
Muscle tissue; a muscular "arch"
What are alveolar processes?
Sockets in the maxillary and mandible bones that hold teeth.
What do incisors do?
Chisel large pieces.
What do cuspids (canines) do?
Grasp and tear.
What do bicuspids and molars do?
Grind.
Humans have both cuspids and bicuspids because humans are _________.
Omnivores.
What is another name for the adenoids?
Pharyngeal tonsils.
Where is the crown on a tooth?
Above the gum.
Where is the root on a tooth?
Anchored in the alveolar process.
Where is the enamel?
The outer covering of the crown.
What is the purpose of enamel?
Protection.
Dentin is harder than ____.
Bone.
What is a tooth made of?
Dentin.
What is comprised of dentin?
Teeth.
In a tooth, where is the pulp located?
In the center.
What can be found in the pulp?
Blood vessels and nerves.
What does the cementum do?
Fastens teeth in the alveolar process.
What ligment holds teeth tight in place in the alveolar socket?
The periodontal ligament.
What does the peridontal ligament do?
Hold teeth fastened tightly in socket.
What do salivary glands excrete and what does it contain that aids in digestion?
Saliva, amylase.
What are two functions of the saliva?
To moisten food and bind it, forming a bolus.
What nervous system triggers the production of saliva in response to the sight and sound of food?
Parasympathetic N.S.
What are the names of all three salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
Where is the parotid salivary gland located?
In front of the ear.
What type of saliva is secreted by the parotid salivary gland?
Clear, watery, and rich with amylase.
Clear, watery, amylase-rich saliva is produced by which salivary gland?
Parotid salivary gland.
Where are the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands located?
Inferior to the tongue, on the floor of the mouth.
What type of saliva is secreted by the submandibuar and sublingual salivary produce?
Mucus-like, viscous fluid.
What cavity extends from the skull to the esophagus?
The pharynx.
At what vertebrae (about) does the pharynx end and the esophagus begin?
The 6th vertebrae.
What does the pharynx connect?
The nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the larynx and the esophagus.
What is described as a muscular cavity behind the mouth?
The pharynx.
What are the three cavities of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Larygnopharynx, Oropharynx.
Where is the nasopharynx?
Above the soft palate.
What CAN happen in the nasopharynx?
Food and air mix.
Food goes down the _________. Air goes down the _______.
Esophagus, trachea.
Once swallowing is iniated, it becomes a ______.
Reflex.
What is a straight, collapsible passageway to the stomach?
The esophagus.
What tube penetrates the diaphragm and joins the stomach?
The esophagus.
What process moves food from the pharynx, to the esophagus, and into the stomach?
Peristalsis.
What closes the nasal cavity during swallowing?
The soft palate, which rises to close it off.
What closes off the trachea during swallowing?
The epiglottis.
What prevents food from coming out of the mouth during swallowing?
The tongue presses against the soft palate, sealing mouth from pharynx.
What contracts during swallowing that forces the bolus into the esophagus?
The muscles of the pharynx.
What canal is the stomach a part of?
The alimentary canal.
What does the stomach look like?
A J-shaped pouch.
About how much can the stomach hold?
1 Liter.
What region of the stomach is where the esophageal opening?
Cardiac region.
Where is the fundic region of the stomach?
Superior to the cardiac region; "above" the esophageal opening.
Where is the body region of the stomach?
Between the fundic and pyloric regions.
Where is the pyloric region of the stomach?
At the "end" of the stomach, which leads to the pyloric canal which empties into the duodenum.
What are rugae?
Ridges in the lining of the stomach.
What are the gastric villi?
Finger-like projections from the stomach lining.
What are the gastric pits?
Pits formed between gastric villi; gastric glands are located in the gastric pits.
What are the gastric glands?
Glands located in the gastric pits that produce gastric juice.
What are the four types of gastric glands?
Chief, Mucus, Parietal, G-Cells
What do chief gastic glands secrete?
Pepsin.
What does pepsin break down?
Protein.
What do mucus gastric glands secrete?
Mucus.
What is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?
Lines stomach so that HCl doesn't digest the stomach. Also, lubricates.
What do parietal gastric glands secrete?
HCl and Intrinsic Factor.
What does intrinsic factor break down?
Vitamin B12.
What do G-cells secrete?
Gastrin.
Pepsin is an ______ that breaks down _______ into ________.
Enzyme, protein, peptides
What is the pH of HCl?
1.5
What is the function of HCl in digestion?
To denature proteins to make them easier to break down. Very acidic pH also kills pathogens.
What is gastrin?
A regulatory hormone.
When you eat, how does your stomach get the signal to start producing gastric juices?
As the stomach fills, gastrin is released which stimulates the release of gastric juices and relaxes the pyloric spincter.
What nerve, when stimulated, causes the release of gastrin?
The vagus nerve.
What nervous system initiates the release of gastrin (and thus digestion in the stomach)?
Parasympathetic N.S.
When a bolus is digested in the stomach, what is it then called?
Chyme.
Where is the duodenum located?
After the pyloric canal in the stomach.
What organ is the duodenum a part of?
The small intestine.
What is the main purpose of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption of carbs, fats, and proteins.
What part of the small intestine comes right after the duodenum?
The jejunum.
What part of the small intestine comes right after the jejunum?
The ileum.
What parts of the small intestine contain the absorption molecules?
The jejunum and ileum.
Where is the ileocecal valve?
At the point where the sm. and lg. intestines join.
What are intestinal villi?
Finger-like projections on the lining of the small intestine.
What is the purpose of the intestinal villi?
To increase the surface area for absorption.
What do the intestinal glands secrete?
Enzymes.
What is excreted by the intestinal glands that protect and lubricate the sm. intestines?
Mucus.
What is excreted by the intestinal glands that breaks down peptides into amino acids?
Peptidases.
What is excreted by the intestinal glands that breaks down dissacharides into monosaccharides and glucose?
There are three: sucrases, maltases, lactases.
The small intestine turns ________ into _____ _____.
Proteins, Amino Acids
The small intestines digests carbohydrates into _______.
Glucose.
What absorbs the broken down amino acids?
Capillaries in the villi receive the amino acids by simple diffusion.
What absorbs monosaccharides in the small intestines?
Capillaries in the intestinal villi receive the monosccahrides by facilitated diffusion.
How are fatty acids absorbed by the small intestine?
They diffuse into the mucosa where they are converted into chylomicrons and travel-> lacteals -> lympathic vessels.
Where is the cecum located?
At the point where the ileum of the small intestine becomes the large intestine.
What lymphatic organ is located near the cecum?
The appendix.
What part of the large intestine comprises most of its length?
The colon.
What is the canal that opens to the outside called?
The anal canal.
What region of the large intestine is the most distal?
The rectum.
What portion of the colon is near the appendix, where the large intestine travels up? What side of the body is this on?
The ascending colon. The right side.
What portion of the colon travels from where the ascending colon ends and the descending colon begins?
The transverse colon.
What portion of the colon travels down, where the transverse colon ends? What side of the body is this on?
The descending colon. The left side.
What is the only thing secreted in the large intestine?
Mucus.
What is the main digestive function of the large intestine?
The reabsorption of H20 and electrolytes.
What is fecal matter?
Undigested and unabsorbed material.
What gives fecal matter its color?
Biliverdin -> Green Pigment
Bilirubin -> Orange Pigment
What gives fecal matter its odor?
Intestinal bacteria.
What percent of fecal matter is h20?
75%.
The liver is an _________ organ.
Accessory.
The liver is divided into how many lobes?
2 lobes. (right + left)
Which lobe is bigger?
The right lobe.
What does the liver excrete that aids in digestion?
Bile.
What does bile do?
Bile breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones.
When fatty chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, what hormone stimulates the bile duct to open?
Cholcytokinin.
What specialized phagocytic cells are associated with the liver?
Kupffer's Cells.
What does the liver store?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
What does the liver store that helps maintain proper blood-sugar levels?
Glycogen.
What does the liver do to the blood?
Filters the blood and removes toxic materials and detoxifies them.
What does the liver do to aid in clotting?
Synthesize plasma proteins and blood clotting factors.
The gall bladder is an _________ organ.
Accessory.
What does the gall bladder store?
Bile secreted from the liver.
What does the pancreas secrete?
Pacreatic juices.
What do the pancreatic juices contain?
Buffer and enzymes.
What do buffers in the pancreatic juices do?
Change the pH of the chyme from 1.5 back to 7.4.
What enzyme in the pacreatic juices convert starch into dissacharides?
Amylase (also found in saliva)
What enzyme in the pacreatic juices converts proteins into amino acids?
Proteases.
What enzyme in the pacreatic juices converts lipids into triglycerides?
Lipases.
What enzyme in the pacreatic juices converts nucleotides into nitrogen bases and sugar?
Nucleases.
What produced by the pacreas neutralizes the extremely acidic pH of chyme entering the duodenum?
Buffers.
What does the pacreas break down into disaccharides?
Carbohydrates.
What does the pacreas break proteins into?
Amino acids.
What does the pacreas break fats into?
Triglycerides.
What hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic buffers when acidic chyme enters the duodenum?
Secretin.
What stimulates the release of secretin?
Contact with the acidic pH of the chyme exiting the stomach.