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11 Cards in this Set

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Terror
government by intimidation, outside of the regular forms of political struggle; why?=power
Terrorism
“The calculated use of violence of the threat of violence to obtain objectives of a political, religious or ideological nature; Can involve violence, the threat of violence, etc. whether it’s political, physical, sexual, etc.
Methods
War, arrest and torture, public execution, social isolation, starvation and poverty, death and extreme violence, slavery, stigmatization, dehumanization, public humiliation, climate of fear
Agents
The state and its rulers; the Church, the Military, Ordinary people (ie. KKK), technology/media, local authorities, judges, lawyers, radical political and ideological groups
The Crusades
A series of military campaigns from the 11th-18th Century called by the catholic church in the Holy Roman Empire, originally to regain Jerusalem (The Holy Land) from the Byzantine Empire and Palestine
Pope Urban II
Pope in the 11th Century; Urged reconquest of Christian Territory (Jerusalem) taken by Muslims
“The people’s crusade”
Commoners, Poorly equipped, undisciplined, attacks on Jews and Eastern Europe
First Crusades
(11th Century) Better equipped and organized; 4 crusader states → Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli, County of Edessa, Kingdom of Lesser Armenia = win (due to unorganization)
Islam
Impressive culture, political fragmentation (Sunni and Shi’ite, Seljuk Turks → Baghdad and Fatimids → Egypt), Began in 622
Subsequent Crusades (other than the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
Many smaller crusades
Council of Clermont
an assembly for church reform called by Pope Urban II