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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What religion were most people in the 1090s?
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Catholic. People from other religions were considered infidels. |
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What were four key beliefs of Christians at this time?
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Minimising time in purgatory, getting to heaven by avoiding sin and doing penance, commitment to God by going to church and praying and pilgrimage. |
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What was the Culniac reform?
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Movement emphasised in 1049-1109 by Abbott Hugh of Cluny. Encouragement of nobles to atone for sins; good work, gifts to monasteries and pilgrimage. |
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What was The Peace Movement in France?
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Attempt to limit violence in Europe. By crusading to Jerusalem, violence was centred in the East and less knights were causing disruption in Europe. |
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What are three disadvantages of life in the 1090s?
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Limited life expectancy, little social advancement, famine and disease. The crusades gave people a chance to gain land or riches. |
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What four things helped knights warfare in the 11th Century?
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Small conflicts between nobles for local land (useful training) Stirrups and high saddles Horses were shod Heavy armoury including shields. |
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State five things which made the crusade possible. |
Culniac revolution Rise in pilgrimage Threats to the Byzantine Empire Population rises Growing command of the Mediterranean Military potential of knights |
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Why was the Just War Theory needed?
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Because Pope Urban II was asking knights to kill, which defies the Ten Commandment "Thou shall not kill" |
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How did Just War apply to the crusade?
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Good reason: The Holy Land was Christ's legacy to the church and had been a part of the Roman Empire. Good intentions: Crusaders would be like pilgrims. Official leader: Pope Urban II; God's representative on Earth. |
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Why was indulgence needed as a motivator?
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The Crusade was justified, but knights needed a reason to leave their land and family behind, to go on an expensive and life threatening crusade. |
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What was an indulgence?
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The 'remission of all sins' by God. No matter what they had done, the crusaders could go to heaven.
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Give three reasons why knights responded to the offer of indulgence so well? |
They lived in an incredibly sinful society and knights committed acts of violence often. No one knew quite how much penance to do to free them from their sins. Knights could do what they knew and liked (fighting) in a way accepted by God. |
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What are two Holy sites in Jerusalem?
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Calvary: where Christ was crucified The Holy Sepulchre: Christ's tomb. |
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Why was Jerusalem Holy to Muslims, Christians and Jews? |
Muslims: Place of Mohammad's ascent into heaven. Christians:Place of Jesus' ascent into heaven. Jews: Contains Holy temple built by Solomon. |
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What three changes to/around Jerusalem prompted Christian action?
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Seljuk Turk incursions made the route less secure from raids. Fewer cities under BE rule along route. Extortionate tolls on route. |
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What are three things Urban is said to have said about Jerusalem to emphasize the need to recapture it? |
It had been 'polluted' by Muslims. It was a wealthy and spiritual place. It was an important part of Christ's passion (his last days on Earth.) |
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State four ways in which Pope's could improve the chances of a crusade's success.
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Threaten excommunication. Issuing crusade bulls. Holding a ceremony to grant the cross. Borrowing money from the church. For example Pope Clement III asked clergy members to provide financial support in 1188. |
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Give an example of a preacher and how many people they enlisted.
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Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury. He enlisted 3,000 crusaders.
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State five ways in which preachers helped recruit crusaders. |
Arriving in town on a holy day. Gathering in a large outdoor location. Ensuring an audience of knights and nobles. e.g Bernard of Clairvaux had the king of France in his audience in 1146 at Vezelay. Creating a pious mood e.g feast in Angers in 1096 e.g 235 cripples restored in Germany |
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State four causes for the First Crusade.
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Freeing Jerusalem. Urban's problems in France and Germany. Alexius I's appeal. Threats to the BE. The political ambitions of Pope Urban. |
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Why was Jerusalem a cause? |
Taken over by uncompromising Seljuk Turks. Poor pilgrim access. Idea of Just War. 'Pollution' of Muslims. Contains Holy sites. |
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What were Urban's problems in France and Germany? |
Investiture controversy between Henry VI and Pope Gregory VII (driven out of Rome and replaced by rival Pope Clement III. King Phillip abandoned his queen to marry Bertrada, and imprisoned a bishop - a show of strength was needed to enforce the authority of the church over Kings. |
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What was Alexius I's appeal? |
Seljuk Turks took Nicea in 1078, and the whole of Asia minor by 1090. Alexius attempted a diplomatic (negotiative) approach with Abu'l-Kasim. Abu'l-Kasim murdered; Kilij Arslan refused to negotiate. |
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What were the threats to the BE? |
BE had protected Christianity in the East and secured access to the Holy land, but now under Muslim threat. |
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What were the political ambitions of Pope Urban? |
German rival Pope Clement III. Popes were political leaders too, as they had control over the whole of Christendom. Urban needed a show of strength/authority. Fight in his name. |
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What were the weaknesses of Western European knights? |
Few in number. Slower than Seljuk Turks. Support crew needed feeding. Feeding horses over course of a siege difficult. |
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How did chivalric values convince knights to go on crusade?
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They turned crusading into a duty.
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What were three old values of chivalry?
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Focus on winning wars. Courage in battle. Personal strength. |
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What were three new chivalric values?
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Codes of behaviour e.g manners Loyalty to house and overlord. Development of skills, especially the use of couched lance in a cavalry charge. |
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Leadership of The Crusades
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Name the four contingents that went on the First Crusade. |
The Germans and Lotharingians Northern French Italian Normans Southern French |
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Who led the Germans and Lotharingians? |
Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Boulogne.
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Who led the Northern French? |
Hugh of Vermandois, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Blois. |
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Who led the Italian Normans? |
Bohemond of Taranto and Tancred of Hauteville. |
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Who led the Southern French? |
Raymond of Toulouse.
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In what way did each ruler contribute to the crusade? |
Godfrey - became ruler of Jerusalem. Baldwin - conquered Edessa (became count.) Hugh - helped secure possession of Antioch but then left crusade. Robert of Normandy - fought to the end. |
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Robert of Flanders - fought to the end. Stephen - deserted during siege of Antioch. Bohemond - helped secure Antioch the established self as prince. Raymond - fought to end but secured himself territory and became Count of Tripoli. |
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How did each leader respond to Alexius' enforcement of an oath? |
All Northern French swore without objection. Godfrey - took seriously and swore. Bohemond - took the oath but broke it when he took Antioch for himself. Raymond - took oath to maintain BE's life and honour instead. Baldwin - Avoided oath by bypassing Constantinople. |
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What happened at the siege of Nicaea?
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Half of the forces arrived in early May, followed by Bohemond's forces on14 May and the rest two weeks later. Blockaded the surrounding Askalon Lake (cutting off supply route) and maintained siege using land forces. Taken city by June 18th. |
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State two ways that the contingents were uncoordinated at the beginning of the crusade, and three ways in which they then showed coordination. |
Uncoordinated - Took different oaths and arrived at Nicaea at different times. Coordination - Siege tactics, creation of the Council of Princes and splitting into two waves. |
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What led to Baldwin's ruling of Edessa?
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Tancred and Baldwin left the main army in September 1097 to gain land. Conflict arose between them over Tarsus and Mamistra. Tancred soon rejoined the crusade. Baldwin captured more Eastern cities - powerful reputation caused Toros (murdered soon after) to name him as heir to Edessa. |
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What were the three effects of Tancred and Baldwin's conquest in the East? |
Baldwin and his army left the crusade. Edessa was prosperous and Baldwin gave Godfrey 50,000 gold bezants. The Muslim army headed to stop the siege of Antioch was distracted for three weeks. |
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What happened at the siege of Antioch (1098)? |
Siege began in October 1097. Formidable garrison led to 7 1/2 month siege. Famine in December. Bohemond led victory of Lake of Antioch; 1,500 of garrison killed. Secret negotiations in June 1098 allowed the crusaders access. |
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What were the effects of the siege?
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Crusader strength drained but leaders honed skills. Loss of life and morale (35 deaths in attack by Yaghi Siyan.) Banner of Adhemar of Le Puy captured. Stephen and Taticius (BE general) left crusade. |
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Why did the capture of Antioch succeed?
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Foraging strategy. Financial support from wealthy Raymond and Bohemond. Secret negotiations. |
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What happened at the siege of Jerusalem?
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Godfrey's followers in West (then East) and Raymond's in South. Broke through walls on 15 July 1099. |
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Give three reasons why the siege was successful and quick. |
Quick siege due to strategies such as a siege tower at the Eastern wall, Godfrey's participation (morale) and very good soldiers remaining. |
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What prompted the Second Crusade?
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The capture of Edessa in 1145 by Zengi.
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Who were the leaders of the Second Crusade?
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Louis VII of France Conrad III of Germany. |
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What were the motives of Louis and Conrad?
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Louis - Theories including penance for burning church at Vitry or fulfilling dead brother's vow to go to Jerusalem. Conrad - Consolidate his power in the empire. |
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Who was the BE during the Second Crusade? |
Manuel I
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State four ways in which the leaders relationship with the BE, Manuel I, could impact the crusade. |
Level of Military support Providing markets Loyalty Level of delay |
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