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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Crusade?
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The crusades were a series of religious driven military campaigns waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents.
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What was the religious situation of Western Europe?
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Religion was extremely important and many of them followed the Roman Catholic religion. The Pope was the head of the Catholic Church and was situated in Rome.
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What was the religious situation of Eastern Europe?
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In the 7th century the arab middle east became Muslim. The muslims conquered many lands in the east from the christians. However, the muslim world was seperated. Fatimids in the South were shi'ite muslims and then Abbasids in the north were Sunnite Muslims. The seljuk turks had began to invade from the east and in 1071 had taken Jerusalem from the Fatimid's. By 1090 the Muslims were so divided that the power was based around major cities, each with their own ruler (either an emir, a sultan or an atabeg)
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What was the Byzantine Empire?
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This was an area that had been a part of the Roman Empire. It was ruled by Alexius. The capital was Constantinople and the people were christian but not roman catholic, they were greek orthodox.
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What was the threat of Islam at the time?
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Byzantine was under threat from the Turks, the emperor of Byzantine had broken away from the Roman Church and had created the Greek Orthodox church which meant they still worshipped God but in their own way. The Turks were recent converts to Islam, however they were more war like and they used religion go expand their empire.
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What were the changes in Christianity at the time?
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Christianity had become more zealous, Jesus was now seen to be a pitiful person that needed defending. The Papacy had become stronger and more confident, and wanted to make others understand this. The Papacy was also anxious to re-join the two halves of the Christian church. They saw the Crusade an excellent chance to accomplish this
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How was Trade and Communication a part of the Origins of The Crusades?
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Trade had increased due to ambitious cities in Italy such as Venice, Pisa and Genoa. They trades the East for silks and spices which were in high demand in the West. When the muslims threatened this trade, Italian cities were eager to help the crusaders
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How are knights and chivalry a part of the origins of The Crusades?
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The knights loved to fight however the church told them that killing was wrong and they shouldn't do it. The church called this the Peace of God and it successfully forced all the kmights to recognise that there was non-combatants who shouldn't be killed. A crusade however, was the perfect excuse to fight but still end up in heaven.
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Why did Pope Urban call for the Crusade?
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1. He was worried about the threat to his religion 2. He dreamed of re-uniting the 2 halves of the muslim world which would increase the power and prestige of the Papacy 3. The idea of having a large army dedicated to God would ensure the church would win the Investiture Contest |
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What happened at Clermont?
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The Pope chose to hold his appeal for aid in a centeral location in Europe- FRANCE. The ceremony was planned down to the last detail and so many people came to Clermont that they had to hold the meeting outside the monastery.
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What did the Pope say at Clermont?
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cannibalismHe began to explain how evil the Muslims were, he called them a vile race and continued to exaggerate the actions of the Turks. He said that they; tortured Christians, sacrifices humans, robbed Christian churches and engaged in cannibalism. He said this because he wanted to make the audience angry, he expected them to go back to their homelands convinced by the evil of the Muslims. They then could deliver the same message in their own countries, this would encourage more and more people to go on a Crusade. |
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What did the Pope offer people who went on Crusades?
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1. Forgiven off all past sins 2. A free chance to kill people (he said one killed muslim is one prayer to god) 3. Protection of properties and families of those who went 4. The Muslim treasure would be theirs to take |
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What were the 4 reasons why nobles went on the crusades?
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1. Religion 2. Land 3. Love of Fighting 4. Peer pressure/ escaping debt |
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Why did the nobles go on the crusade in referance to religion?
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Going to Jerusalem was the ultimate pilgrimage, they then saw themselves as armed pilgrimes. They would have all their sins removed and then granted a place in heaven, regardless of what they did.
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Why did the nobles go on the crusade in referance to land? |
Many nobles thought that they could make their own small empires in the Middle East due to the land shortage in the West. The East was seen as very exotic and rich which was a better prospect that staying in the West.
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Why did the nobles go on the crusade in referance to Love of Fighting?
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It was a knight's duty to fight and many enjoyed it, participating in tournaments to hone their skill. Now the church said that they could kill people without consequences.
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Why did the nobles go on the crusade in referance to peer pressure and escaping debt?
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Some people went because they felt they had no alternative and other thought that it was expected of them. Most younger knights were also very poor, and it was expected that young knights would make their own way in the world and the muslim treasures were the way of doing just that.
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How did the People's Crusade start?
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Peter the Hermit travelled to Jerusalem but as there was a small conflict outside of Jerusalem, the gates were shut to protect the people inside. Peter then travelled back to Europe just when Urban made his appeal, Peter then gave a first hand account of what was happening (bias as hell). Due to his religious zeal and determination to return to the Holy City he was able to persuade many people to follow.
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Why did peasants want to go on the Crusades?
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1. There were many years of bad harvests in the 1090s. Many peasants were starving that winter and they decided they had nothing to lose by going on the Crusade 2. Many thought it would be a great adventure. Their life in Europe was very boring 3. Most of the peasants lived in very poor conditions in the West, and they had heard of exaggerated stories about how wealthy the East was4. As with knights many were drawn to the thought of a just war, where they could find an easy way to heaven by killing Muslims 5. It was the first time the poor could feel like they were important and that they had some power 6. Peter and other preachers were excellent at motivating and persuading people to leave their homes and save the Holy Land |
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Was Peter and his crusaders effective?
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None of them had military experiance, they didn't know where they were going and the army was made of southern Germans and northern french- they hated each other. It was a undisciplined ramble- they battled the Christian king of hungary, set fire to Belgrade and attacked the Byzantine City of Nish... BEFORE THEY CAME ACROSS ANY MUSLIMS.
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What happened when the peasants arrived at Constantinople?
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They arrived in 1096 and Alexius and his daughter were not exactly overwhelmed by this from the West because they expected trained soldiers.
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What ended the People's crusade?
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Alexius realised the peasants stood no chance so he persuaded Peter to wait for the real crusaders to arrive. However, Peter had lost control of his ramble and two knights were then assigned to take power of the French and the German contingents.
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What happened to the French group of the peasant's crusade?
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THey set off to save Jerusalem, however they came upon the first Turkish city, Nicea. The Nicea ruler, Kilij Arslan caught up with the french who were looting a village nearby and slaughtered them.
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What happened to the French Group of peasants crusade?
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They had bypassed the city of Nicea and captured a Castle however, Arslan quickly surrounded them. It turned out that the castle that they captured did not have any food or water which lead to them eating their horses and having to drink their horses blood and the contens of the sewer to survive. They had 2 choices when they surrendered - be killed or be circumcised and sold into slavery.
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What happened to Peter after his crusaders were killed?
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He dodged the disaster because he was still at Constantinople
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What happened when the Prince's arrived in April 1097?
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Alexius realised that he couldn't trust these crusaders and was determined to deal with them one at a time. From each of the crusaders that arrived he demanded an oath of fealty or he would not offer them help
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Why was Alexius worried about the crusaders?
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He was concerned that the crusaders would be successful and would drivbe the Turks out of the Middle East and keep the land for themselves - the land that is a part of the Byzantine Empire.
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What was Alexius' solution to his worries about the Princes Crusade? |
Alexius couldnt care less about the oaths of fealty but it woudl to the feudal crusaders.
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What happened when the princes crusade arrived at Nicea? |
The ruler of Nicea was confident that these crusaders were as incompetent as the peasants crusade, so much so that he left the city to attack a rival. However when he returned, he ordered his forces to attack the crusaders but he was quickly defeated. All whilst the crusaders were dealing with Arslan, Alexius was taking the city from under their noses, he set diplomats into the city at night to offer an opportunity to the Turkish rulers that they could escape and surrender to Alexius and not the crusaders. The next morning the crusaders woke to Byzantium soldiers outside the city. |
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What happened after Alexius captured Nicea? |
The issue was money, Nicea was really rich and the crusaders thought that they could capture all the loot- but Alexius didn't want his city ransacked. The crusaders were obviously angry so Alexius rewarded the leaders to keep the crusaders loyal. |
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What was Baldwin's plan for Edessa?
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Well, he wasn't content with being the prtector of Edessa because he wanted to own the city. He insisted to the current ruler that they should adopt him so he was the heir to the throne. After the adoption, he organised an uprising against Thoros (the ruler of Edessa) and the rioters literally tore him to pieces.
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What were the consequences for Baldwin's plan for Edessa?
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1. He bribed the local Muslims to leave him in peace after he gained this new wealth 2. He abandoned any pretences of freeing Jerusalem 3. With Baldwin as the new ruler of Edessa, the crusaders could travel without any fear of being attacked from behind |
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Describe what happened before the Siege of Antioch
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The crusaders wanted Antioch because then they could have a secure base to ship supplies in. However, they didn't have any proper siege equipment so they couldn't breach Antioch's walls. The leaders of the crusades were also argueing which made things worse. Bohemmond wanted to keep Antioch for himself whereas Raymond wanted to give it back to Alexius.
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Describe the Siege of Antioch
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Bohemmond came up with a plan to bribe a rouge guard to let them in by a side door. On the night of June 3rd 1098, the guard let 60 crusaders into the city with a rope ladder and then they opened the gates and let the rest of the crusaders in. The crusaders then slaughtered everyone.
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What happened after the Siege of Antioch?
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Even though the crusaders had just captured Antioch. The Turkish relief army were on their way. The crusaders were now stuck in a city with no food or water in it. So they had to resort to killing their horses, eating the flesh and drinking the blood. Then a miracle happened
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What was the miracle of The Siege of Antioch?
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A peasant called Peter Bartholomew had a vision, he said that St Andrew had come to him and told him about the "true lance" which was burried under the church of St Peter. The crusaders then rode out on the little amount of horses they had left and charged the Turkish. The turks ran.
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Why do the Christians think the Turks ran when they charged at them with the true lance?
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1. The christians claimed god helped them 2. The dead rose from the graves to help them 3. Saints came down from the heavens to help them 4. The magic true lance was invincible and killed thousands |
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Why do the Muslims think the Turks ran when they charged at them with the true lance? |
They hated their general more than anything so they thought the best was to get back at him was to desert him in battle to humiliate him |
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What happened after all the fighting at Antioch? |
The crusaders argued what to do next. Many wanted to get to Jerusalem but on the way they past Ma Arrat which lead to a devestating example of the crusaders butchering and eating the people there. Many crusaders got up and left Antioch to go to Jerusalem because they were bored, under pressure the leaders came to a decision and Bohemmond stayed and became the Prince of Antioch. When they got to Jerusalem they found it had been captured by Egyptians.
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Describe the capture of Jerusalem
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1. The fatimids had prepared Jerusalem for the Crusaders, they cut down all the tree surrounding and hid it. 2. A crusades leader (Tancred) was having stomach problems and pardoned himself down the hill for a poo. 3. He then found all the wood in a cave and he used the wood and his men to create battering rams and defences. 4. A Fatimid relief army was coming and a crusader had a vision of God 5. The crusades circled Jerusalem barefoot and then fasted for 7 days 6. On the 13th/14th of July the crusaders attached from both sides of Jerusalem. They got in and it was a bloodbath |
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What happened after the capture of Jerusalem
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1. Godfrey was elected King of Jerusalem 2. Raymon stayed and conquered Tripoli 3. The Crusaders returned home |
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Explain why the disorganisation of Muslims was a reason why the first Crusade succeeded
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1. Muslims misunderstood the threat 2. They didnt expect the princes crusade to be successful 3. They weren't interested in fighting 4. They didnt have a religious zeal to drive them 5. They didnt want to help each other |
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Explain why the military superiority of the knights was a reason why the first Crusade succeeded
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1. The crusaders were amazing warriors 2. They had brutal tactics 3. Europeans knew how to engage in siege warfare |
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Explain why the support from Byzantium was a reason why the first Crusade succeeded
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1. They made problems which diverted the Muslim resources 2. Alexius provided well neede resources to the crusaders |
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Explain why the crusading zeal was a reason why the first Crusade succeeded
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1. The determination from the crusaders helped them 2. They believed God would help them |
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Explain why the luck was a reason why the first Crusade succeeded
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1. The crusaders were extremely lucky at some points
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What Italian towns helped the crusades?
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1. Genoa 2. Pisa 3. Venice |
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How did Genoa help the crusades? |
1. Helped out at Antioch 2. Gave wood to Jerusalem 3. Gave supplies to the third crusade |
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How did Pisa help the crusades?
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1. Helped in 1099 2. Brought the patriarch of Jerusalem to Rome 3. They helped blockade ports in the 3rd Crusade |
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How did Venice help the crusades?
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1. Sent a fleet to Jaffa to help guard the coast against the Egyptian counter attack 2. It was instrumental in the funding the fourth crusade |
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Why did Italian towns want to help?
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1. Christians control over the Middle East would help them gain monoply in the sugar, spice and cotton trade 2. Crusader states would help break the monoply Byzantium had on these exports 3. Money could be made hiring their fleets to the crusaders |
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What effect did the Italians town have?
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1. Alexius let the first italian to trade in Byzantium 2. Venice gained tax free trading with crusader states. 3. Italisn quarters were made in every city 4. The crusaders opened up spice routes to the italians |
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After the capture of Jerusalem what were the crusader states?
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1. The County of Edessa 2. The Principality of Antioch 3. The County of Jerusalem 4. Jerusalem |
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What was the problem with the new kingdom (crusader states)?
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1. Constant threat from Muslims 2. Lack of manpower- every went home 3. They lacked natural resources and land |
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What was the situation with Baldwin I
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1. He had limited control over the other leader 2. His reign was reduced to his establishment of Latin control over the coastal areas of the middle east 3. He dies during a raid into Egypt in 1117 |
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Why did the Second Crusade start?
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1. In 1135, a new leader (Zengi) rose to unite the Muslims 2. Zengi just wanted to capture Damascus for himself but the leader of Damascus and the leader of Jerusalem realised Zengi was trouble |
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Explain the Fall of Edessa
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Zengi took advantage of King Fulk's death and he attacked Edessa- the most remote crusader state. The leaders of Antioch and Edessa had fallen out so they werent going to help. Zengi lured the fighters and leader of Edessa out of the city then slaughtered them. Due to the fall of Edessa, Pope Eugenius III called a new crusade.
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Who is Bernard of Clairvaux and what did he do?
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He was the second crusades Peter the Hermit and travelled around Europe persuading people to go on the crusades. He managed to persuade the emperor of Germany to go.
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Describe the German Crusade?
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They set off in 1147, lead by King Conrad III. They ignored Constantinoples advice to travel down the coast and they were ambushed at Dorylaeum
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Describe the battle of Dorylaeum
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Conrad underestimated the Musliums and walked right into an ambush and only Conrad and a few survivors escaped to the coast and they made their way to Acre and then Jerusalem.
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Describe the French Crusade
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The french took the advice of Constantinople and Louis VII marched his army along the coast to meet the Emperor of Byzantium who would ship his men to Antioch. However there wasnt enough ships so many had to walk. Muslims were waiting again and only half of Louis' men made it to Antioch
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What did the Prince of Antioch and the King of France do?
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The prince of Antioch suggested that they attacked Aleppo which meant that they could capture Edessa afterwards, however there were rumours that the prince of Antioch was sleeping with Louis VII's wife and Lousi didnt listen to the plan
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Where did Louis go after Antioch?
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He left Antioch and joined with the rest of the crusader army at Acre. They then attacked Damascus because of convincing from Baldwin III's mum.
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What happened at the battle at Damascus?
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Louis and Conrad marched into Damascuc and forcced Emir to ask Nur-ad-din for help. They were then forced to withdraw back to Acre.
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What were the consequences of the second Crusade?
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1. It was a fail 2. They had destroyed the alliance between Jerusalem and Damascus 3. Nur-ad-sin was now unstoppable and was praised as the savior of the Muslim world |
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What happened with Saladin and Egypt?
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1. Saladin inherits Egypt after his uncle conquers it for Nur-ed-din 2. Saladin keeps Egypt 3. Nur-ed-din prepares to invade Egypt to kill Saladin 4. Nur-ed-din dies 5. Saladin takes over |
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What was the problems in the Crusader States?
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1. Baldwin IV got leprosy and because of this he couldn't rule 2. He died leaving Baldwin V to be king 3. Baldwin IV's sister looked after the infant king and Raymond III of Tripoli was chosen to educate the king 4. Raymond didnt like Baldwin VI's sister (Sibylla) or her lover (Guy) 5. Guy marred Sibylla and they tried to get the throne 6. When Baldwin V died (8 y/o) Sibylla and Guy got the throne 7. Saladin's peace was fragile due to bad people like Reynald of Chatillion who kidnapped Saladin's sister |
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How did Saladin get revenge?
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Saladin invaded Tripoli and surrounded Raymond's wife's home. Saladin waited in an oasis near Tripoli and King Guy marched towards Tripoli. Saladin made it impossible for the crusaders to get water. Trapped, the crusaders were wiped out. King Guy and most of his warriors were sold into slavery. Saladin then captured Jerusalem and other crusader states and castles. However Tyre remained free
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Describe the calling of the 3rd Crusade
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Pope Urban III died. Gregory VIII replaced him and called a third crusade, knights from Flanders, France, Germany, Hungary, Denmark and London all left without leaders. The Pope offered the people a remission of penance, similar to the remission of sins but people with sins had to still pay for they sins but the time was reduced. The pope decided this because the remission of sins lead to too many barbaric forces in the first crusade and the remission of penance meant the church still had control.
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Why did Barbossa, King of Germany go on the 3rd Crusade?
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- He had had conflict with Pope's previous to the crusades (he argued with the pope then elected an anit-pope) - He left on the crusades as he felt guilty over this conflict with the church |
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Why did Philip of France go on the 3rd Crusade?
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- He didn't want to go as he was worried about his health (he was blind in one eye) - He went however because he was scared of looking weak in front of the French nobility |
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Why did Richard I, King of England go on the 3rd Crusade?
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-He went because fighting was his hobby and he loved it.
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Describe the last days of the crusader states
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Saladin owned everything apart from Tyre. He had a plan and released Guy. Guy then went to Tyre and demanded to be given to him, Conrad said no and the two fought. Guy realised he couldn't win and then marched to Acre with plans to overthrow it, however he didn't have enough men so he surrounded the city and waited for the main crusaders to arrive (THIS LEADS TO THE SEIGE OF ACRE)
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Describe Barbarossa's journey to the Holy Land |
He left Germany with 15,000 men and 3,000 knights. He marched his army to the Holy Lands but the Byzantium Emperor Angelus blocked his borders so the Germans couldn't get through. Barbarossa then declared war on the Byzantium empire and fought Christians all winter. He then had to fight his way across the Turkish kingdoms. He fought the Battle of Philomelium and captured the city of Konya and when he reached Taurus Mountains half his army was dead. Then Barbarossa fell off his horse into a river and drowned.
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What happened to Barbarossa and his army after he died?
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His son took control of the army and put his fathers body in a barel of vinegar and carried it to the front of the army to Antioch. An epidemic swept through his army and most went home. Around 1000 arrived at Acre.
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Describe Philip's journey to the Holy Lands
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Philip and Richard decided to travel together but Richard took too long to join Philip and then Philip left. When Philip arrived at Acre, he was struck down with disease.
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Describe Richard's journey to the Holy Lands
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Philip and Richard decided to travel together but Richard took too long to join Philip and then Philip left. Richard took too long to arrive because The King of Sicily had imprisoned Richard's sister and Richard rocks up with the entire english army and navy. He spent several month conquering Sicily but then moved on with his sister and his new fiance. When they leave, Richard's sister and fiance get their own ship but on the way the boat crashes onm the coast of Cyprus and the King of Cyprus takes Richard's money and imprisons his wife and fiancé. Richard tries to then conquer Cyprus. Guy then came looking for Richard and told him that Philip had sided with Conrad so Richard finally set sail for Acre
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Describe the seige of Acre
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Philip wanted to win Acre before Richard arrived so he launched an all out attack on the city, the battle then grinds to a stalemate, however Philip was struck down with a stomcah disease and was bed ridden. When Richard arrived he also caught the disease, he was also bed ridden but he made his army carry his bed at the front of the army and he shot his bow and arrow and still fought. Acre then fell and Richards men praised him (not God)
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What happened to the French after the fall of Acre?
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Philip demanded Richard gave him Cyprus and Richard refused. Philip still suffered from the effects of the disease and decides to return home. He left his french soldiers to help Conrad.
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What happened to the Germans after the fall of Acre? |
They went home, and it was blamed on Richard. Richard lost his temper with the Duke of Austria over the height of a flag and insulted Austria's honour. RICHARDS POOR DIPLOMATIC SKILLS
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What happened to Richard and the English after the fall of Acre?
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Richard was under pressure to finish the crusade so he immediately marched to Jerusalem but the problem was he had 3000 prisoners so he tried to sell them back to Saladin to get christian prisoners, gold coins and a piece of the true cross. However, Richard wasnt patient and he killed every prisoner he had. This angered Saladin.
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Describe the march to Jaffa & the Battle of Arsuf
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Richard realised he needed to save Jerusalem and defeat Saladin so he made his army march south to Jaffa (the closest to port to Jerusalem). Saladin tried to lure Richard's knight into making a rash decision to charge into a trap. Richard realised this and protected himself. However some knights still charged. Richard then ordered a full scale charge and Saladin was caught unprepared. Richard lost 700 men and Richard lost 7,000 men.
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What were the results of the battle of Arsuf?
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1. Richard proved he was more tactical than Saladin 2. Saladin lost his aura of invincibility 3. Crusaders give credit to Richard and not God |
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What did Richard realise as he approached Jerusalem to capture it?
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He realised that the capture would cost him too many men, and that even if he took Jerusalem, Saladin would take it back when Richard went home. So Richard tried to negotiate with Saladin
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What made Saladin open for negotiations?
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Richard and Saladin's brother became friends, Saladin thought that this was perhaps so Al-adill could use Richard to overthrow him so Saladin needed a peace treaty
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What were the internal squabbles of the crusaders?
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Conrad and Guy were fighting and The Duke of Burgundy was being difficult.
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Why were Guy and Conrad fighting?
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1. Guy believed he should be king but Conrad believed he should be king 2. Guy was supported by Richard I and Conrad was supported by Philip and The Duke |
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What was the outcome of Guy and Conrad squabbling?
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1. Richard agreed that Conrad should be king 2. Guy was given Cyprus 3. Conrad was assasinated |
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What is the Isabella Theory to who killed King Conrad?
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He was assassinated after going out to dine with someone after Isabella refused to leave her bath and dine with him. The assassins were waiting for him as he left and it had been obvious they had been tipped off. After Conrad's funeral, Isabella married Henry of Champagne and he was crowned King of Jerusalem.
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Describe the final battle of the 3rd crusade
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Richard was preparing to go home when Saladin decided to capture Jaffa, Richard then went to get Jaffa back with only his personal bodyguard. When he arrived, Saladin was still being held out of the castle so Richard attacked. Richard was a terrible individual fighter, he brought his ship close to the shore and ordered his men to disembark. Richard has 54 men and Saladin had several thousand. However, Richard's men got the Muslim army to retreat.
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What is the Christian view of what happened at the Battle of Jaffa?
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1. The chroniclers say that Richard was invincible and was described as -a giant in battle -everywhere at once -his sword shone lightning -he lopped off arms, legs and heads |
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What was the Muslim view of what happened at the Battle of Jaffa?
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Saladin was unpopular with his men. He had forbidden them from looting the city the day before and they were getting revenge so they mutinied and refused to fight.
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What was the result of the Battle of Jaffa?
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-Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty -The end of the 3rd Crusade -Jerusalem would be Muslim owned but Christians could come and go as they please |
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What happened to Richard after the Battle of Jaffa? |
He went home, but his ship sank and he had to travel through Europe on horseback. He travelled in disguise but was spotted in Austria. The Duke of Austria captured Richard and locked him up for a king's ransom. Richard spent 2 years in a cell |
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Comparing Saladin and Richard. Was Saladin better?
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- He was seen as chivalric - He was an amazing diplomat - He released Guy - He negotiated with both Conrad and Richard simultaneously - He crushed the christian army at Hattin -He captured many cities However -He let Conrad keep Tyre -He was defeated at Arsuf and Jaffa |
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Comparing Saladin and Richard. Was Richard better?
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-He was seen as chivalric but he had a bad temper -He successfully negotiated with Al-Adill - He cared for the welfare of his men -He was successful at Arsuf, Jaffa and Cyprus -He realised military weakness of the crusader states -He was careless at time |
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Why did the 3rd Crusade fail?
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1. Muslims united 2. Divisions in the crusaders 3. Guy vs Conrad 4. Philip vs Richard 5. Leopold vs Richard 6. Lack of crusading ideals 7. Lack of help from Byzantium 8. Crusaders willing to have a neotiated peace |
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How did the 4th Crusade go?
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The plan was to attack the Muslim Empire in Egypt but crusading was expensive and they were forced to borrow money from the Venetians and every crusader had to pay their share. Venice was happy to take the money but as they did a lot of trade with Egypt they didn't want to see the crusade successful so the King of Venice tricked the crusaders to order 3 times the amount of boats and supplied as they needed which meant the crusaders were in debt to the Venetians. The crusaders were then made to fight for Venice. They helped Alexius get his throne of Byzantium back however, he refused to pay them so the crusaders stormed the city and annexed Constantinople. Most of the city's great treasure went back to Venice.
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How did the 4th crusade contribute towards the decline of the crusading ideal?
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1. Not a single Muslim died in the 4th crusade 2. Religion wasn't as important as money or politics 3. The crusade had been used to fight Christians 4. The next crusades essentially killed the crusading ideal |
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What were other memorable crusades?
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1. 5th - In 1213, it attacked Egypt with the crusading ideal but failed 2. 6th - All french crusade but Louis IX was forced to surrender to Egypt 3. The childrens's crusade - a 12 year old shepard had a vision of crusade of children freeing Jerusalem but all 20,000 of them were sold into slavery |
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What were initial effects did the crusades have?
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1. Enhanced the power of the church 2. Increase in trade between Europe and East 3. Italian cities grew in wealth and power 4. Venice dominated the trade with the Eastern Mediterranean which began the development of the Venetian Empire 5. Increased contact between Latin Church and Greek Christians 6. Crusades cost huge sums of money |
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What were POSSIBLE effects of the crusades?
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1. Accelerated developments in European warfare 2. A wider range of luxury goods in Europe 3. Influenced the development of the cult of chivalry |
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What were some effect from the crusades that are no longer seen?
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1. Western Europe was made more peaceful from channeling agression into the Middle East 2. Knowledge in the West grew (medicine, maths and science) |
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What were the effects of the crusades on the Middle East?
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1. Byzantium Empire weakened2. Venetians usurped their trade3. Crusaders captured Constantinople in 1204 and ruled for half a century4. Muslim unity grew
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