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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors
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-age, gender, family history
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Age
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the older an individual is, the longer his/her arteroes have been exposed to development of lesions, so there is an association between advancing age and increase risk
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Gender
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-between ages 45-49,the incidence of CAD in men is 4 times that of women. by ages 65-59, the incidence declines to about 2 times , by the age of 85 there is no gender difference
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Family History
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strong independent risk factor
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Modifiable Cardiovascular diseases risk factors
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Tabacco: acutely, chronically
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Tabaccoo
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-cigarette smoking has both acute and chronic effects on the cardiovascular system
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Acutely
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cigarette smoking increases risk for cardiac events(e.g., MI and cardiac arrest) by elevating HR and BP
-decrease oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, decreases threshold for cardiac arrythmias; tobacco also causes coronary artery vasopasm, and increases platelet aggregation |
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Chronically
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-it decreases HDL-C, promotes oxidation of LDL-C, increases blood fibrinogen,(increases potential for blood clotting ), damages the vascular endothelium, increases blood viscosity(increases RBC production)
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Some causes of secondary Hyperlipidaemia
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-nutritional(obesity, alcohol abuse) Hormonal(diabetes, hypothyroidism) Drugs (beta-blockers, high-dose steroids) Miscellaneous(stress, bile duct obstruction and primary biliary cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure)
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Lipoproteins
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-are water-soluble macromolecules representing complexes of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids)and one or more specific proteins,referred to as apoproteins
-are separated into various classes based on the density at which they float by ultracentrifugation -are further classified on the basis of their size, eletrophoretic mobility, or affinity chromatography |
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Classification of lipoproteins
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Chylomicrons
B) Chylomicron Remnants(CMR)= chylomicrons that lost their TC |
-carry dietary lipids
-major liid-tiglycerides(TG) -role- transport of dietary TG b) major lipid- cholesterol -role-transport dietary cholesterol to the liver -implicated in the development of CVD |
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Very low density lipoproteins(VLDL)
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-produced in the liver
-major lip-tg -Role-transport endogenous TG -obesity, increase caloric intake, increase carbohydrate intake, ingestion of ethanol, and the administration of estrogens stimulate release of VLDL and are important factors in hypertriglyceridemia!!!! |
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Intermediate density lipoproteins(IDL)
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-VLDL that lost part of their TG(FFA)
-Major lipid- TG and cholesterol -Role-taken up by liver or converted to LDL |
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Low density lipoproteins(LDL)
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IDL that further lost their TG(ffa)
Major lipid -cholesterol -role-transport endogenous cholesterol to the liver and peripheral tissues -has been linked to atherosclerosis!!!! |
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Lipoprotein a= (Lp(a)
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-shares many characteristics with LDL
-had been linked to atheroscerosis and CVD -is susceptible to oxidation by free radicals -inhibits thrombolytic reactions thus causing greater tendency to thrombus(clot) formation |
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High density lipoproteins(HDL)
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-produced in the liver and intestinal mucosal cells
-major lipid-phopholipid -role-transport of cholesterol surplus away from peripheral tissues: "reverse cholesterol transport" to the liver for degradation -decrease risk of CVD |
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Apolipoprotenins
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Apolioproteins A,B,C and E are necessary for the uptake and metabolism of lipoproteins
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Apolipoproteins B
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-part of the LDL molecule that binds to LDL receptor
-elevated ApoB levels are associated with coronary artery disease(CAD) -down-regualtion LDL receptors decreases cellular uptake of LDL and leads to increase total blood cholesterol (TC), LDL-C chlesterol and ApoB |
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Lipoproteins and Diet
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.. graph
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other risk factors for CVD
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Tumor necrosis factor a= TNFa- related to increase adipose tissue content and chronic inflammation
-C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, is associated with increase TNFa and Increase of risk MI and Storke for both men and women; C-reactive proteins is elevated in obese individuals |
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other risk factors for CVD
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Viral and bacterial infections
-two most higly suspected viruses; cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex -the most suspected bacteria-chlamydia pneumonie |
