The Common Sense Approach To Hazardous Materials Ch2

Front 1

In what form does oxygen exist in the atmosphere?

Back 1

Oxygen exists in our atmosphere in its molecular state.

Front 2

How many electrons does an atom of oxygen have in its outer ring?

Back 2

Oxygen has six electrons in its outer ring.

Front 3

How many electrons must oxygen add to its outer ring to reach stability?

Back 3

Oxygen must add two electrons to its outer ring to reach stability (that is, eight electrons in the outer ring).

Front 4

In what group are the noble, or inert gases?

Back 4

Group VIII

Front 5

Why are these inert?

Back 5

The inert gases are inert because they have reached stability by possessing a filled outer ring (eight or two electrons in the last ring).

Front 6

What is the molecular formula for oxygen?

Back 6

The molecular formula for oxygen is O2.

Front 7

How many electrons does an atom of hydrogen have in its outer ring?

Back 7

Hydrogen has one electron in the outer ring.

Front 8

Does atmospheric hydrogen exist as an atom or as a molecule?

Back 8

Atmospheric hydrogen exists at a molecule.

Front 9

What are the molecular formulas for nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine?

Back 9

The molecular formulas for nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine are N2, F2, and Cl2, respectively.

Front 10

How many electrons does nitrogen have in its outer ring? Chlorine? Fluorine?

Back 10

Nitrogen has five electrons in its outer ring; chlorine and fluorine each have seven.

Front 11

What is the name of the chemical attachment, an example of which is the bonding of hydrogen and oxygen in water?

Back 11

Hydrogen and oxygen in the form of water are covalently bonded.

Front 12

What is the difference between elemental instability and compound instability?

Back 12

Instability in elements is related to the drive of the atom of the element to fill its outer ring, while instability in a compound relates to the tendency of the compound to break down with the release of energy.

Front 13

What compound is formed from a metallic element and a nonmetallic element?

Back 13

A metallic element and a nonmetallic element will forma an ionic compound called a salt.

Front 14

What type of chemical bonding occurs between a metallic element and a nonmetallic element?

Back 14

Ionic bonding is the type of bonding between a metallic and a nonmetallic element.

Front 15

How many electrons will an alkali metal lose in forming an ionic compound?

Back 15

An alkali metal will lose one electron in forming an ionic compound.

Front 16

How many electrons will Group VA elements accept? Group VIA elements? The halogens?

Back 16

Group VA elements will accept three electrons, Group VIA elements will accept two, and the halogens will accept one.

Front 17

How do you calculate how many nonmetallic atoms that can accept only one electron will form an ionic compound with aluminum?

Back 17

Since aluminum is a metal and in Group III, it will give up three electrons. If it is to react with a nonmetal that will accept only one electron, it must take three nonmetallic atoms in order to accept the three electrons.

Front 18

What does an atom become once it has gained or lost one or more electrons?

Back 18

Once an atom has gained or lost one or more electrons, it becomes an ion.

Front 19

How can you calculate the size of the electrical charge on each ion?

Back 19

The charge on the ion can be calculated by determining how many electrons a metal will give up (positively charged) or a nonmetal will accept (negatively charged).

Front 20

What are anions and cations?

Back 20

Anions are negatively charged ions, and cations are positively charged ions.

Front 21

What is the chemical formula for common table salt?

Back 21

NaCl

Front 22

Why does electricity flow in a water solution of ionic compounds?

Back 22

Electricity flows in a water solution of ionic compounds because electricity is defined as a flow of electrons, and an electron will travel from one ion to another.

Front 23

Why does electricity not flow in a water solution of covalent compounds?

Back 23

Electricity will not flow in a water solution of covalent compounds because there are no charged particles (ions) present.

Front 24

What is a binary compound?

Back 24

A binary compound is a compound that is made up of two elements.

Front 25

What does the anion end in when naming a binary ionic compound?

Back 25

The anion in a binary compound ends in -ide.

Front 26

What is the definition of ionization?

Back 26

Ionization is the process of an atom gaining of losing electrons.

Front 27

Why is the electrical charge the same on all the alkali metal ions, and what is it?

Back 27

The electrical charge on the ions of all the alkali metals is plus one (+1) because they will all lose one electron.

Front 28

What is the electrical charge on the alkaline earth metal ions?

Back 28

The electrical charge on the ions of all the alkaline earth metal ions is plus two (+2).

Front 29

Why will the inert gases not form ions?

Back 29

The inert gases will not form ions because there is no reason for hose elements to gain or lose electrons—that is, the atoms of the inert gases all have filled outer rings.

Front 30

Why are all chemical compounds electrically neutral?

Back 30

All chemical compounds are electrically neutral because the anions and cations are attracted to each other by equal but opposite charges.

Front 31

Why is the molecular formula of sodium oxide, Na2O?

Back 31

The formula of sodium oxide is Na2O because it takes two sodium ions, each with its electrical charge of plus one (+1), to balance electrically one oxide ion with its minus two (-2) charge.

Front 32

Why is the molecular formula of aluminum chloride, AlCl3?

Back 32

The formula for aluminum chloride is AlAl3 because it takes three chloride ions, each with its minus one (-1) electrical charge, to balance electrically one aluminum ion with its plus three (+3) electrical charge.

Front 33

What is the difference between a chemical formula and a chemical symbol?

Back 33

A chemical formula is the shorthand used to represent the way different ions and

Front 34

What is a complex ion?

Back 34

A complex ion is an ion made up of more than one atom chemically combined that have gained or lost one or more electrons.

Front 35

What is an oxyion? An oxysalt?

Back 35

An oxyion is an ion that contains oxygen; an oxysalt is a combination of a metallic (or ammonium) ion and an oxyion.

Front 36

What is the chemical formula for the nitrate ion? The nitrite ion?

Back 36

The chemical formula for the nitrate ion is NO3 -1; the nitrite ion is NO2 -1.

Front 37

What are the chemical formulas for the chlorine-containing oxyions?

Back 37

The chemical formulas for the chlorine-containing oxyions are: perchlorate, ClO4 -1; chlorate, ClO3 -1; chlorite, Clo2 -1; and hypochlorite, ClO-1.

Front 38

What is the difference between the peroxide ion and the oxide ion?

Back 38

The peroxide ion has two oxygen atoms bound together chemically and has gained two electrons, while the oxide ion is one oxygen atom that has gained two electrons.

Front 39

Ionic compounds that contain an oxygen end in what three letters?

Back 39

Ionic compounds that contain an oxyanion (not oxide or peroxide) end in -ate or -ite.

Front 40

What are the chemical formulas for the cyanide and hydroxide ions?

Back 40

The chemical formula for the cyanide ion is CN-1 and for hydroxide ion is OH-.1

Front 41

What is the chemical formula for the ammonium ion?

Back 41

The chemical formula for the ammonium ion is NH4 +1.

Front 42

What is the definition of valence?

Back 42

Valence is defined as the combining power of an ion.

Front 43

How is the valence of each ion determined?

Back 43

The valence of each ion is determined by noting the position f the atom in the Periodic Table. For metallic ions, the valence is equal to the group number (all positively charged); for nonmetallic ions, the valence is equal to eight minus the group number (all negatively charged).

Front 44

Why is it possible for ions to exist in nature for only a very short time?

Back 44

It is not possible for ions to exist in nature for very long because for each ion there will be the requisite number of oppositely charged ions to balance it. Therefore, any ion existing in nature must react with the requisite number of oppositely charged ions to form an ionic compound that is electrically neutral.

Front 45

What type of bonding holds a complex ion together?

Back 45

It is called coordinate covalent bonding and is much too complicated to consider in a course such as this. Just accept the fact that the complex ions are two or more atoms bound together chemically that collectively have gained or lost one or more electrons.

Front 46

How can there be four different chlorine oxyanions, each containing a different number of oxygens, all still with a 21 charge on the anions?

Back 46

This is due to coordinate covalent bonding, mentioned in the previous answer, a topic that is far beyond the scope of this course.

Front 47

What are the names of the simple nonmetallic ions listed in this chapter?

Back 47

Hydride, carbide, nitride, phosphide, oxide, sulfide, fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide.

Front 48

Where does the "full ring" come from when metals give up their electrons to become "satisfied" simple cations?

Back 48

The "full ring" is the ring that is uncovered when the electrons in the outer ring are given up Once the electrons in the outer ring (the valence electrons) leave orbit, the ring or orbital is no longer there.

Front 49

Will electrolytes (salts) conduct electricity in their solid form?

Back 49

Yes

Front 50

Are there molecules of sodium chloride or other ionic compounds?

Back 50

No. Molecules are the simplest particles of covalent compounds. Sodium chloride and other ionic compounds are ionically bonded, not covalently bonded.

Front 51

Why can carbon conduct electricity while the other nonmetals cannot?

Back 51

Carbon's position on the Periodic Table is the reason it conducts electricity. Its four electrons enable it to act like a metal, as the electrons from all surrounding carbon atoms commingle through each others' outer rings, much like metal atoms behave.

Front 52

The permanganate ion resembles the perchlorate ion. Are there different manganese oxyanions just as there are different chlorine oxyanions?

Back 52

Yes, but they are not valuable commercially, so they do not pose a hazard since they do not exist in large quantities, other than the permanganate compounds.

Front 53

Is there any sure way to know if a compound containing an oxyanion is an oxidizing agent?

Back 53

No, you must memorize which oxyanions are oxidizers and under what conditions they become hazardous.

Front 54

Are oxyanions that begin with "per" hazardous?

Back 54

All chemical compounds whose oxyanion begins with "per-" and ends with "-ate" are powerful oxidizers. They may be unstable under certain conditions.