The Chemical Basis Of Life

Front 1

What is the basic unit of all structure?

Back 1

atoms

Front 2

What is a fundamental substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number?

Back 2

Elements

Front 3

Most important elements are from a quantative point of view are?

Back 3

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Front 4

What is defined as the sum of numbers of protons and neutrons in its nucleus?

Back 4

Atomic Weight

Front 5

Isotopes are best known for the fact that some of them are?

Back 5

Radioactive

Front 6

____________ are structures that result from attachment of atoms to one another by chemical bonds.

Back 6

Molecules

Front 7

____________ are substances composed of molecules of the same type.

Back 7

Compounds

Front 8

____________ processes that form or break chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of new compunds.

Back 8

Chemical Reaction

Front 9

Atoms that are more stable, with nearly full outer levels tend to acquire electrons to fill thier orbitals and are called ____________________.

Back 9

Electron Acceptors

Front 10

Atoms that are far from having a filled outer level can find stability more easily by moving in the direction of emptying thier outermost energy, thus called _______________________?

Back 10

Electron Donors

Front 11

The ___________of an element is the number of electrons it can accept or donate.

Back 11

Valence

Front 12

Electron donors have __________ valence.

Back 12

Positive

Front 13

Electron acceptors have ___________ valence.

Back 13

Negative

Front 14

______________ can also readily form either single or double bonds with other carbons.

Back 14

carbon

Front 15

The strength of chemical bonds depend on the extent to which each of the bonded atoms shares the _____________ involved.

Back 15

electrons

Front 16

In a ___________ bond, the strongest form, the bonded partners share one or more electrons to complete thier outer energy levels.

Back 16

covelent

Front 17

If a donor and acceptor are about equally strong, each shared electron spends about the same time with each of the 2 bonded atoms, this is called?

Back 17

nonpolar bond

Front 18

If a donor and acceptor are unequal in strength, each shared electron spends more time with one partner than the other, this is called?

Back 18

polar bond

Front 19

Atoms connected by a polar bond form what is called an __________________ ?

Back 19

electrical dipole

Front 20

An atom that has the electron more of the time is the ____________ ?

Back 20

negative pole.

Front 21

A/An __________ bond is formed when an element that readily gives up electrons reacts with an element that readily accepts them.

Back 21

ionic

Front 22

Ionic bonds are ___________ than covalent bonds.

Back 22

weaker

Front 23

__________________________ are attractive forces that develop between molecules or between different parts of the same large molecule.

Back 23

Van der Waals forces

Front 24

Combining 2 or more elements or compound to form a new compund according to the form A+B= AB.

Back 24

Synthetic Reactions

Front 25

In physiology, the formation of new protiens from free amino acids or deposition of bone from free calcium and phosphate is called?

Back 25

Anabolic process

Front 26

The opposite of a synthetic reaction, taking AB-> A+B, is called?

Back 26

Decompasition reactions

Front 27

__________ is defined as a system's total energy that could be used to work.

Back 27

Free energy

Front 28

Substances that promote reactions by lowering thiwer activation energy barriers without themselves being changes in the reaction.

Back 28

Catalysts

Front 29

Protiens that act as the body's catalyst, permitting it to carry out at body temperature reactions that would require much higher temperature if conducted w/o catalysis.

Back 29

Enzymes

Front 30

The lungs secrete a substance that interferes with the water-water interactions and reduces surface tension.

Back 30

Pulmanary surfactant

Front 31

A suspension whose particles are so small that intermolecular forces can overcome the force of gravity and keep the particles suspended?

Back 31

Colloid

Front 32

Substance that increases the PH of a solution is called?

Back 32

Base

Front 33

Substance that decreases the Ph of a solutions is called?

Back 33

Acid

Front 34

Solutions with a Ph=7 are considered?

Back 34

Neutral

Front 35

Compounds that dissociate in solution to yield a free cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH.

Back 35

Salts

Front 36

A system of reactants that acts to minimize changes in Ph.

Back 36

Buffer

Front 37

The main buffer system for exrtracellular fluid, including both blood plasma and interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells is know as the?

Back 37

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Front 38

_________________ compunds are those that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Back 38

Organic

Front 39

_____________________ contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ration 1:2:1.

Back 39

Carbohydrates

Front 40

Major nonpolar, water-insoluble organic molecules in the body are called?

Back 40

Lipids

Front 41

________________________ are the major form of stored lipid in the body, making up the majority of the fat in adipose cells.

Back 41

Triaclyglycerols

Front 42

_____________________ is an essential constituent of plasma membranes as well as a starting point for synthesis of a large family of steroid hormones.

Back 42

Cholesterol

Front 43

These are derivatives of arachidonic acid, a twenty-carbon fatty acid.

Back 43

Prostaglandins

Front 44

Organic compounds that contain atleast one carbon atom that is bonded simutaneoulsy to carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen group,and a side chain of varying complexity.

Back 44

Amino Acids

Front 45

In ____________________________, the inhibitor molecule simply occupies the active site of the enzyme, preventing interaction with the normal substrate.

Back 45

Competitive Inhibition

Front 46

In ____________________________, the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, changing the teritary structure of the enzyme and affecting the ability of the active site to recognize its substrate.

Back 46

Noncompetitive inhibition

Front 47

______________ means "at another site" than the active site.

Back 47

Allosteric

Front 48

Energy captured by reduced coenzymes may be converted to ATP by a process called?

Back 48

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 49

Linear chains of nucleotides strung together in a sequence that carries information is known as?

Back 49

nucleic acids

Front 50

2 types of Nucleic Acids are?

Back 50

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA(ribonucleic acid)

Front 51

In the very simplest definition, a _________ is the code that specifies a single protein.

Back 51

gene

Front 52

When parts of the amino acids are clipped off or two or more polypeptides are attached together to form a functional complex?

Back 52

posttransitional processing

Front 53

Proteins that are to undergo destruction are labeled with a molecule called?

Back 53

ubiquitin

Front 54

Ubiquitinated membrane proteins are removed from the cell surface by_______________ of the membrane containing them.

Back 54

endocytosis

Front 55

A ___________ is a nuclear structure consiting of a double strand of DNA together with a large number od associated smaller molecules.

Back 55

chromosone

Front 56

Human cells have a total of ________ chromosones, twenty-two pairs of somatic, and a pair of sex chromosones.

Back 56

forty-six

Front 57

XX chromosones specifify _______ genetic sex.

Back 57

female

Front 58

XY chromosones specify __________ genetic sex.

Back 58

male

Front 59

A process of cell division by which body cells increase in number during growth and development.

Back 59

mitosis

Front 60

When each cell recieves a copy of one or the other of the pair of homologous chromosomes.

Back 60

meiosis

Front 61

Cells that go through meiosis and contain only one member of each chromosome pair are called

Back 61

haploid

Front 62

Which of the subatomic particles is not taken into account in the calculation of the elemen's atomic weight?

Back 62

Electrons

Front 63

The weight of an electron is 1/1800th the weight of the other particles and therefore not taken into account when calculating?

Back 63

element's atomic weight