The Central Nervous System (Part 2)

Front 1

Old

Back 1

Olfactory

Front 2

Opie

Back 2

Optic

Front 3

Occasionally

Back 3

Oculomotor

Front 4

Tries

Back 4

Trochlear

Front 5

Trigonometry

Back 5

Trigeminal

Front 6

And

Back 6

Abducens

Front 7

Feels

Back 7

Facial

Front 8

Very

Back 8

Vestibulocochlear

Front 9

Gloomy

Back 9

Glossopharyngeal

Front 10

Vague

Back 10

Vagus

Front 11

And

Back 11

Accessory

Front 12

Hypoactive

Back 12

Hypoglossal

Front 13

Olfactory Nerve I

Back 13

Provides sense of smell

Damage causes : Impaired sense of smell

Front 14

Optic Nerve II

Back 14

Provides vision

Damage causes: blindness in the visual field

Front 15

The Cranial Nerves

Back 15

12 pairs of nerves arises from the brain and exit through the foramina leading to muscles, glands and sense organs in the head and neck.

Input & Output = ipsilateral except CN 2 and 4

Front 16

Oculomotor Nerve III

Back 16

Provides some eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing

Damage causes: drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing and inability to move eye in certain directions

Front 17

Trochlear Nerve IV

Back 17

Provides eye movement

Damage causes: double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally (below and to one side)

Front 18

Trigeminal Nerve V

Back 18

Main sensory nerve to face (touch, pain, and temperature) and muscles of mastication

Damage produces: loss of sensation and impaired chewing

Front 19

Abducens Nerve VI

Back 19

Provides eye movement

Damage results in: inability to rotate eye laterally

Front 20

Facial Nerve VII

Back 20

Provides facial expressions, sense of taste on anterior or 2/3's of tongue, salivary glands and tear, nasal palatine glands.
Damages: sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (missing sweet and salty)

Front 21

Branches of Facial Nerve

Back 21

-Temporal

-Zygomatic

-Buccal

-Mandibular

-Cervical

Front 22

Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII

Back 22

Provides hearing and sense of balance

Damage produces: deafness, dizziness, nausea and loss of balance

Front 23

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

Back 23

Provides control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of blood pressure and respiration
Damage results in: loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing

Front 24

Vagus Nerve X

Back 24

Provides swallowing, speech, and regulation of viscera

Damage: hoarseness of loss of voice, impaired swallowing and is fatal if both vagus nerves are severed

Front 25

Accessory Nerve XI

Back 25

Provides swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement

Damage: impaired head, neck and shoulder movement, head turns towards injured side

Front 26

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

Back 26

Provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing

Damage: inability to protrude tongue if both nerves are damaged, or deviation towards injured side and ipsilateral atrophy is one is damaged.

Front 27

Overview of Spinal Cord

Back 27

Information highway between the brain and the body

Extends through vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to L1

Each pair of spinal nerves receives sensory information and issues motor signals to muscles and glands

Front 28

Spinal Cord

Back 28

component of central nervous system while the spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system

Front 29

Functions of the Spinal Cord

Back 29

Conduction

Locomotion

Reflexes

Front 30

Conduction

Back 30

bundles of fibers passing information up and down the spinal cord

Front 31

Locomotion

Back 31

repetitive, coordinated actions of several muscle groups

central pattern generators are pools of neurons providing control of flexors and extensors (walking)

Front 32

Reflexes

Back 32

involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli (remove hand from hot stove)

involves brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Front 33

Anatomy of Spinal Cord

Back 33

Cylinder of nerve tissue (within the vertebral canal *thick as a finger*

- vertebral column grows faster so in an adult the spinal cord only extends to L1

31 pairs of spinal nerves arises from cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the cord

-each cord segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

Front 34

Medullary cone

Back 34

tapered tip of spinal cord

Front 35

Cauda equinae

Back 35

the nerve roots from L2 to S5 which resemble a horse's tail

Front 36

Dura mater

Back 36

tough collagenous membrane surrounded by epidural filled with fat and blood vessels

- epidural anesthesia utilized during childbirth

Front 37

Arachnoid mater

Back 37

layer of simple squamous epithelium lining during dura mater and loose mesh of fibers filled with CSF (creates subarachnoid space)

Front 38

Pia mater

Back 38

delicate membrane adherent to the spinal cord

filium terminale and denticulate ligaments anchor the cord

Front 39

Central Area of Gray matter

Back 39

shaped like a butterfly and surrounded by white matter in three columns

Front 40

Gray matter

Back 40

neuron cell bodies with myelin

Front 41

White matter

Back 41

myelination axons

Front 42

Gray matter in the Spinal Cord

Back 42

Pair of dorsal or posterior horns

Pair of ventral or anterior horns

Connected by gray commissure punctured by central canal continuous above with 4th ventricle of the brain

Front 43

Pair of dorsal or posterior horns

Back 43

dorsal root of spinal nerve is totally sensory fibers

Front 44

Pair of ventral or anterior horns

Back 44

ventral root of spinal nerve is totally motor fibers

Front 45

White matter in the Spinal Cord

Back 45

White column

Dorsal or posterior columns, lateral columns, and ventral or anterior columns

Each column is filled with named tracts (named fibers with a similar origin, destination and function)

Front 46

White column

Back 46

bundles of myelinated axons that carry signals up and down

Front 47

Spinal Tracts

Back 47

Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

Contralateral

Front 48

Ascending (sensory) *take in* & descending (motor) *back out*

Back 48

travel up and down while decussation (the fiber cross sides)

Front 49

Contralateral

Back 49

original and destination are on opposite sides, while ipsilateral

Front 50

Nerve

Back 50

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons)

Front 51

Epineurium

Back 51

covers nerves perineum surrounds a fascicle and endoneurium seperates individual nerve fibers

Blood vessels penetrate only the perineurium

Front 52

Anatomy of Ganglia in the PNS

Back 52

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in nerve in PNS

Dorsal root ganglia consist of sensory cell bodies

-fibers pass through without synapsing