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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four regions of the brain
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Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum |
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What are the three parts of the brain stem
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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What are the distinct landmarks of the diencephalon
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Thalamus: two heads in both hemispheres of brain
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland inferior to hypothalamus Pineal gland on posterior side Brain stem Cranial nerves exit from here Near the optic chiasm |
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Why are thalamus and hypothalamus important?
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receives sensory information
controls Autonomic Nervous System |
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What part of the frontal lobe is important for motor?
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Precentral gyrus: a collection of neurons in charge of motor control. Once sensory is processed, motor neurons fire and descend, efferent to brain stem, to spinal cord out to the peripheral nervous system
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What is the partition between the frontal and parietal lobe? It is also in between the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
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Central sulcus
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What does thalamic nuclei receive, and where does it send it to?
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receives sensory information and sends it to postcentral gyrus
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What are 6 things the hypothalamus controls?
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Autonomic Nervous system
Limbic (emotion) Hunger Sleep/wake Endocrine Memory |
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Name the hypthalamic nucleus that controls afferent information
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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What does the pineal gland do?
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Produces melatonin
Controls circadian rhythm |
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What does the longitudinal fissure separate?
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two cerebral hemispheres: right and left
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What do you find in postcentral gyrus?
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Sensory neurons
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What is gyrus?
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The raised part of brain
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What is sulcus?
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The grooves of brain
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What does gray matter contain?
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Cell bodies and neurons
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What does white matter contain?
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The myelinated axons
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What is the internal capsule in between?
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The thalamus and the basal ganglia structures
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What is the route of sensory information?
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Afferent, ascending from peripheral nervous system to spinal cord to thalamus onto specific sensory areas
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Does primary somatosensory area interpret or receive sensory information?
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receives sensory information
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What does the secondary somatosensory area do? Interpret or receive sensory information?
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Interpretation of sensory information
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What happens in the posterior modal area?
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This is where sensory information combines
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After the posterior modal area where does the sensory information go?
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To the frontal lobe to be processed as a motor response
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Where is the Wernike's area?
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Left hemisphere
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What does Wernike's area do?
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In charge of understanding speech
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Where is Broca's area?
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Left hemisphere
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What does the Broca's area do?
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In charge of speaking
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What is the Wernike's area and Broca's area connected by?
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arcuate fasciculus
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Why is spatial discrimination important?
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It tells you the precise location of the stimulus
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Sensory will project ipsilateral or contralateral?
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Contralateral
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What is the sensory homunculus?
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A body map of the sensory cortex
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How do the fibers of the cerebellum run?
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ipsilateral
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What are pyramidal cells?
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Large neurons of primary motor cortex
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What do pyramidal cells control?
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Specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body. Face and hand muscles are controlled by many pyramidal cells.
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Are the two hemispheres contralateral?
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Yes, the two hemispheres control opposite sides of the body
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What does the left cerebral hemisphere control?
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Language, math, logic
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What does the right cerebral hemisphere control?
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Visual-spatial skills, reading facial expressions, intuition, emotion, art, music
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Cerebral white matter contains what types of tracts?
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Commissure: allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
Association fibers: Connects different parts of the same hemisphere (Ex. connecting Wernike's and Broca's Projection fibers: descend from cerebral cortex, and ascend to cortex of lower regions. Also have corticospinal tracts that begin with pyramidal cells Projection tracts > Internal Capsule: passes down between thalamus basal nuclei (motor) >Corona radiata: superior to internal capsule |
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Where do corticospinal tracts descend through?
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The brain
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What is a motor homunculus?
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A body map of the motor cortex
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What does deep gray matter of the cerebrum consist of?
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Basal ganglia (motor control) influenced by substantia nigra
Basal forebrain nuclei (memory) Claustrum |
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What is considered part of the limbic system and located in the cerebrum?
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Amygdala
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What part of the functional brain system do networks of neurons function together?
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Limbic system (spreads widely in the forebrain)
Reticular formation (Spans the brain stem) |
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What does the reticular formation enable you to do?
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Maintain wakefullness
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RAS: Reticular Activating System
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Helps maintain wakefulness, arousal in order to survive
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What structures protect the brain?
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Skull: protects from bumps
Meninges: Coverings that cover central nervous system Cerebrospinal fluid: prevents friction Blood-brain-barrier: blocks most chemicals |
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What are the functions of the meninges?
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Covers and protects CNS
Enclose and protect vessels that supply CNS Contains CSF between pia and arachnoid maters Between arachnoid space (Where CSF is) |
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What are the features of the dura mater?
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It is strongest. Composed of two layers: periosteal and meninges. two layers are fused except to enclose dural sinuses.
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Arachnoid villi
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projects through dura mater and allows CSF to pass through the dura blood sinuses and reabsorbed
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Choroid plexus
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found in all the ventricles
composed of ependymal cells and capillaries makes Cerebral Spinal Fluid |
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Paraplegia
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Lower limbs are paralyzed. Injury to spinal cord between T1 and L2
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Tetraplegia (formerly known as quadriplegia)
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Injury to cervical region, paralysis of all four limbs
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Stroke
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blockage of blood supply in CNS
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) Brain dysfunction |
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Alzhiemer's disease
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leads to dementia
Brain dysfunction |
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Neural tube defects
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Anencephaly: lack of cerebrum and cerebellum
Spina Bifida: absence of vertebral lamina Congenital malformation |
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Cerebral palsy
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depletion of oxygen leads to motor problems
congenital malformation |
