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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The term"neural tube defect" refers to :
a. spinal defect b. open tube defect c. anencephaly d. cephalocele e. all of the above |
E. All of the above
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myelomeningocele refers to the herniation of:
a. meninges b. meninges and neural tissue c. meninges at the lumbar level d. meninges and neural tissue below L5 |
B. meninges and neural tissue
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the most accurate way to dx a spinal defect is:
a. in the long plane of the spine b. in the coronal place of the spine c. in the sag. place of the spine d. the lemon and banana signs of the fetal cranium |
D. the lemon and banana signs of the fetal cranium
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the lemon sign of the fetal cranium in dx spina bifida refers to:
a. the narrowing of teh vertebral process at the area of the defect b. the overall appearance of the fetal spine in the presence of a defect c. the appearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect. d. the appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect |
D. the appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect
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the banana sign of the fetal cranium is dx spina bifida refers to:
a. the narrowing of the vertebral process at the area of the defect b. the overall appearance of the fetal spine in the presence of a defect c. the appearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect d. the appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect. |
C. the apprearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect
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What % if the time is the banana sign present with spinal defects?
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99% of the time
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which of the following is true about the lemon sign and NTDs?
a. the lemon sign is not as accurate as the banana sign b. the lemon sign may be present in the normal fetus in the third trimester c. the lemon sign can be artificially produced at the level of the ventricles d. the lemon sign is a predictor for spina bifida e. all of the above |
E. all of the above
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T/F
The majority of cephaloceles are parietal? |
False
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what percentage of encephaloceles are occipital?
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75%
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The dx of ventriculomegaly may be made when the venticle measures>
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Greater than 10mm in the posterior horn
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the most common type of obstuction causing ventriculomegaly is?
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aquaductal stenosis
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congenital hydrocephalus is:
a genetically linked affecting both male and females b. able to be detected in both males and females by DNA testing c. expressed in males only D. A and C E. B and C F. all of the above |
E. B and C
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Mild ventriculomegaly is described as...
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chorioid is separated from the medial wall of the ventricle > 5mm
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mild ventriculomegaly may be associated with.
a. agenesis of the corpus callosum b. trisomy 21 c. normal d. all of the above |
D. all the above
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other findings associated with a spinal defects are....
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clubfeet and ventriculomegaly
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T/F
The severity of impairment in a child with hydrocephaly may be predicted by the severity of their fetal hydrocephaly |
false
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T/F
in the case of spinal bifida the fetal sonogram is able to accuratly predict the child's impairment |
false
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The cysterna magna is considered increased when...
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The msmt is greater then 10 mm
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findings on u/s include increased cysterna magna, agenesis of the cerbellar vermis, with communication to the fourth ventricle and ventriculomegaly. The most likely dx would be...
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Dandy Walker Malformation
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findings in us include hydrocephalus, an enlarged CM, and an intact cerebellar vermis elevated by a cyst in the posterior fossa. The most likely dx is ...
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Arachnoid cyst
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cardiac defects can be an indication for ...
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Dandy Walker Malformation
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associated findings occur with dandy walker malformation what percent of the time...
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50-70% of the time
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What are some complications of Dandy Walker malformation
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chromosomal abnormalities
subnormal intelligence after birth increased neonatal death |
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what is the most common cause cause of hypotelorism?
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holoprosencephaly
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cyclopia, hypotelorism, proboscis, cebocephaly, and celft lip and palate are....
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abnormal facial findings
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the most common abnormality associated with holoprocencephaly is...
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trisomy 13
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What is the most common cause of hypertelorism....
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anterior cephalocele
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T/F all cases of alobar holoprosencephally will demonstrate facial anomalies
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false
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agenesis of the corpus callosum cannot be dx by us before
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18 wks
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in 90% of cases with agenesis of the corpus callosum what other us finding is present
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teardrop ventricles
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absent cerebral cortex is found in what cranial abnormality
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hydranencephaly
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a fetus presents with an anechoic midline lesion in the brain, fetal hydrops, and CHF. The most likely dx for the lesion is
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AV malformation
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choroid plexus cysts, when fouond with other associated abnormalities, have a strong association with
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Trisomy 18
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the risk of aneuploidy is incresed in cases where the choroid plexus cysts are multiple, bilateral and large
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same level as the OOD
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T.F
when measuring the lateral ventricle , the anterior portion of the ventricle should always be measured |
false
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hydranencephaly is thought to result from...
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a vascular accident of the internal carotid arteries
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the differential dx for hydranencephaly is....
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alobar holoprosencephaly
severe hydrocephaly |
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the downward displacement of the cerebellar vermis the 4th ventricle, and medulla oblongata thru the foramen magna is termed...
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arnold chiari malformation
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large encephaloceles may be associated with ...
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microcephaly
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What is the forebrain known as...
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prosencephalon
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Prosencephalon is also known as ....
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forebrain
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the midbrain is know as....
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mesencephalon
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mesencephalon is know as .....
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midbrain
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hindbrain is
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Rhombencephalon
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What is the most common of all NTD's
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Anancephaly
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Anancephaly
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the crebrum/ skull never form
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is anancephaly more common in males or females
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females
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With which CNS abnormality will you have a frog like appearance
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ananencephaly
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What malformations are associated with anencephaly
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clubbing
clefts spina bifida omphalcele |
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acrania
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no skull but brain is present
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how does acrania differ from anencephaly
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acrania has brain tissue present.
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encephalocele
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brain herniates outside of the cranium
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An encephalocele is also known as an/a...
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cephalocele
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where can an encephalocele be located
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occipital
fronal or parietal |
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what is the most common area for an encephalocele?
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occipital
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What is the least common area for an encephalocele?
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frontal
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What are some characteristics of an encephalocele
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ventriculomegaly
small cranial cavity polyhydramnios microcephaly |
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What are the primary syndromes associated with cephaloceles?
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Trisomy 13 (patau's syndrome)
Meckel Gruber syndrome |
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what is Meckel Gruber Syndrome....
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syndrome which includes, encephalocele, polydactyly and PKD
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What is the function on the vermis
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connects the 2 lobes of the crebellum
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A NTD characterized by an exaggerated curvature and twisting of the spine is?
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iniencephaly
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What CNS abnormality usually accompanies iniencephaly
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occipital encephaly
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Sonographically what would you see with iniencephaly?
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exaggerated, hyperextension of the fetal head
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hydrocephaly
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dilitation of fetal ventricular system, due to an increase in amout of CSF or due to an obs.
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What are 6 causes of ventricularmegaly
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dilitation of vent. system
spina bifida non communicating hydro communicating hydro arnold chiari syndrome dandy walker syndrome |
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List the flow of CSF
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cisterna magna
lateral vents foramen of Monroe 3rd. Vent aquaduct of sylvias 4th vent foramen of Lushka foramen of magandie spinal cord |
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non communicating hydrocephalus is also known as ...
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aquaductal stenosis or obstructive hydrocephalus
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what is non communicating hydro ...
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it is the narrowing or obstruction of the aquaduct of sylvius
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aquaductal stenosis will cause what other findings...
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dilitation of both lat. vents and dilated 3rd vent
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What parts of the brain will look normal with aquaductal stenosis (non commication hydro)
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normal cerebellum, 4th vent, and CM
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T/F
90% of ppl with non communicating hydro will have an IQ less than 70 |
T
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communicating hydrocephalus will show
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dilitation of all ventricles caused by obstruction of the CSF flow outside the vent. sys.
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Arnold chiari malformation type II...
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congenital anomaly associated with Spina bifida where cerebelllum and brain stem are pulled toward the spinal cord
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What is arnold chiari associated with ...
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spina bifida
dilated 3rd vent and lat vent banana shaped cerebellum lemon shaped skull obliterated cisterna magna |
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A CNS abnormality that presents in adulthood in which the patient will have severe migranes
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Arnold Chiari Type 1
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Which CNS malformation will you associate an "obliterated Cisterna Magnum" with?
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arnold Chiari Type 2
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A large cystic structure is noted in the posterior fossa with this CNS malformation
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Dandy Walker syndrome
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What are some characteristics of Dandy Walker Syndrome
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splayed cerebellar hemispheres
agenisis of the cerebellar vermis causes obs. of flow thru 4th vent. hydrocephalus |
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total or near absence of cerebral hemisheres with normally developed meninges and skull
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hydranencephaly
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What is the usual cause of hydranencephaly
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occlusion of ICA during development caused by infection (CMV and toxoplasmosis)
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With hydranencephaly will a falx and cortex be present
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no
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abnormal division of the prosencephalon (forebrain)
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holoprocecephaly
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what are three types of holoprocencephelly
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lobar
semilobar alobar |
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What abnormalities is holoprosencephaly usually associated with...
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Trisomy 13
craniofacial abn. (proboscis, hypoteloism, cyclopia, clefts) |
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what is the most severe type of holoprocencephaly
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alobar
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with Alobar holoprocencephaly what structures will be present
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no CSP, falx, choroid Plexis and 3rd vent.
often have proboscis, cyclopia, small brain, hypotelerism |
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The brain tissue present in alobar holoprocencephaly can have three presentations...
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pancake
ball cup |
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fluid in the back of the head is known as a....
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dorsal cyst
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what will you see with presentation of semilobar holoprosencephaly...
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some cerebral tissue
single vent. falx present |
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What is the least severe type of holoprosencephaly
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lobar
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what is the sonographic appearance of lobar holoprosencephaly
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normal brain tissue
both hemispheres enlarged lat vent. no CSP |
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If there is an anomaly with lobar holoprosencephaly what would it be?
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hypotelorism
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if enlarged ventricles seen you will most likely have
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hydrocephaly
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midline cystic structure in posterior fossa
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dandy walker cyst
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The presence of CSF cystic areas within cerebral parenchyma which communicateswith the vent. system is known as...
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porencephaly
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What abnormality is associated with infection, infarction and trauma
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porencephalic cyst
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What are two types of spina bifida
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open and closed
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waht is another name for open spina bifida
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spina bifida aperta or cystica
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