The Central Nervous System

Front 1

The term"neural tube defect" refers to :
a. spinal defect
b. open tube defect
c. anencephaly
d. cephalocele
e. all of the above

Back 1

E. All of the above

Front 2

myelomeningocele refers to the herniation of:
a. meninges
b. meninges and neural tissue
c. meninges at the lumbar level
d. meninges and neural tissue below L5

Back 2

B. meninges and neural tissue

Front 3

the most accurate way to dx a spinal defect is:
a. in the long plane of the spine
b. in the coronal place of the spine
c. in the sag. place of the spine
d. the lemon and banana signs of the fetal cranium

Back 3

D. the lemon and banana signs of the fetal cranium

Front 4

the lemon sign of the fetal cranium in dx spina bifida refers to:
a. the narrowing of teh vertebral process at the area of the defect
b. the overall appearance of the fetal spine in the presence of a defect
c. the appearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect.
d. the appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect

Back 4

D. the appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect

Front 5

the banana sign of the fetal cranium is dx spina bifida refers to:
a. the narrowing of the vertebral process at the area of the defect
b. the overall appearance of the fetal spine in the presence of a defect
c. the appearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect
d. the appearance of the fetal skull in the presence of a spinal defect.

Back 5

C. the apprearance of the cerebellum in the presence of a spinal defect

Front 6

What % if the time is the banana sign present with spinal defects?

Back 6

99% of the time

Front 7

which of the following is true about the lemon sign and NTDs?
a. the lemon sign is not as accurate as the banana sign
b. the lemon sign may be present in the normal fetus in the third trimester
c. the lemon sign can be artificially produced at the level of the ventricles
d. the lemon sign is a predictor for spina bifida
e. all of the above

Back 7

E. all of the above

Front 8

T/F
The majority of cephaloceles are parietal?

Back 8

False

Front 9

what percentage of encephaloceles are occipital?

Back 9

75%

Front 10

The dx of ventriculomegaly may be made when the venticle measures>

Back 10

Greater than 10mm in the posterior horn

Front 11

the most common type of obstuction causing ventriculomegaly is?

Back 11

aquaductal stenosis

Front 12

congenital hydrocephalus is:
a genetically linked affecting both male and females
b. able to be detected in both males and females by DNA testing
c. expressed in males only
D. A and C
E. B and C
F. all of the above

Back 12

E. B and C

Front 13

Mild ventriculomegaly is described as...

Back 13

chorioid is separated from the medial wall of the ventricle > 5mm

Front 14

mild ventriculomegaly may be associated with.
a. agenesis of the corpus callosum
b. trisomy 21
c. normal
d. all of the above

Back 14

D. all the above

Front 15

other findings associated with a spinal defects are....

Back 15

clubfeet and ventriculomegaly

Front 16

T/F
The severity of impairment in a child with hydrocephaly may be predicted by the severity of their fetal hydrocephaly

Back 16

false

Front 17

T/F
in the case of spinal bifida the fetal sonogram is able to accuratly predict the child's impairment

Back 17

false

Front 18

The cysterna magna is considered increased when...

Back 18

The msmt is greater then 10 mm

Front 19

findings on u/s include increased cysterna magna, agenesis of the cerbellar vermis, with communication to the fourth ventricle and ventriculomegaly. The most likely dx would be...

Back 19

Dandy Walker Malformation

Front 20

findings in us include hydrocephalus, an enlarged CM, and an intact cerebellar vermis elevated by a cyst in the posterior fossa. The most likely dx is ...

Back 20

Arachnoid cyst

Front 21

cardiac defects can be an indication for ...

Back 21

Dandy Walker Malformation

Front 22

associated findings occur with dandy walker malformation what percent of the time...

Back 22

50-70% of the time

Front 23

What are some complications of Dandy Walker malformation

Back 23

chromosomal abnormalities
subnormal intelligence after birth
increased neonatal death

Front 24

what is the most common cause cause of hypotelorism?

Back 24

holoprosencephaly

Front 25

cyclopia, hypotelorism, proboscis, cebocephaly, and celft lip and palate are....

Back 25

abnormal facial findings

Front 26

the most common abnormality associated with holoprocencephaly is...

Back 26

trisomy 13

Front 27

What is the most common cause of hypertelorism....

Back 27

anterior cephalocele

Front 28

T/F all cases of alobar holoprosencephally will demonstrate facial anomalies

Back 28

false

Front 29

agenesis of the corpus callosum cannot be dx by us before

Back 29

18 wks

Front 30

in 90% of cases with agenesis of the corpus callosum what other us finding is present

Back 30

teardrop ventricles

Front 31

absent cerebral cortex is found in what cranial abnormality

Back 31

hydranencephaly

Front 32

a fetus presents with an anechoic midline lesion in the brain, fetal hydrops, and CHF. The most likely dx for the lesion is

Back 32

AV malformation

Front 33

choroid plexus cysts, when fouond with other associated abnormalities, have a strong association with

Back 33

Trisomy 18

Front 34

the risk of aneuploidy is incresed in cases where the choroid plexus cysts are multiple, bilateral and large

Back 34

same level as the OOD

Front 35

T.F
when measuring the lateral ventricle , the anterior portion of the ventricle should always be measured

Back 35

false

Front 36

hydranencephaly is thought to result from...

Back 36

a vascular accident of the internal carotid arteries

Front 37

the differential dx for hydranencephaly is....

Back 37

alobar holoprosencephaly
severe hydrocephaly

Front 38

the downward displacement of the cerebellar vermis the 4th ventricle, and medulla oblongata thru the foramen magna is termed...

Back 38

arnold chiari malformation

Front 39

large encephaloceles may be associated with ...

Back 39

microcephaly

Front 40

What is the forebrain known as...

Back 40

prosencephalon

Front 41

Prosencephalon is also known as ....

Back 41

forebrain

Front 42

the midbrain is know as....

Back 42

mesencephalon

Front 43

mesencephalon is know as .....

Back 43

midbrain

Front 44

hindbrain is

Back 44

Rhombencephalon

Front 45

What is the most common of all NTD's

Back 45

Anancephaly

Front 46

Anancephaly

Back 46

the crebrum/ skull never form

Front 47

is anancephaly more common in males or females

Back 47

females

Front 48

With which CNS abnormality will you have a frog like appearance

Back 48

ananencephaly

Front 49

What malformations are associated with anencephaly

Back 49

clubbing
clefts
spina bifida
omphalcele

Front 50

acrania

Back 50

no skull but brain is present

Front 51

how does acrania differ from anencephaly

Back 51

acrania has brain tissue present.

Front 52

encephalocele

Back 52

brain herniates outside of the cranium

Front 53

An encephalocele is also known as an/a...

Back 53

cephalocele

Front 54

where can an encephalocele be located

Back 54

occipital
fronal or parietal

Front 55

what is the most common area for an encephalocele?

Back 55

occipital

Front 56

What is the least common area for an encephalocele?

Back 56

frontal

Front 57

What are some characteristics of an encephalocele

Back 57

ventriculomegaly
small cranial cavity
polyhydramnios
microcephaly

Front 58

What are the primary syndromes associated with cephaloceles?

Back 58

Trisomy 13 (patau's syndrome)
Meckel Gruber syndrome

Front 59

what is Meckel Gruber Syndrome....

Back 59

syndrome which includes, encephalocele, polydactyly and PKD

Front 60

What is the function on the vermis

Back 60

connects the 2 lobes of the crebellum

Front 61

A NTD characterized by an exaggerated curvature and twisting of the spine is?

Back 61

iniencephaly

Front 62

What CNS abnormality usually accompanies iniencephaly

Back 62

occipital encephaly

Front 63

Sonographically what would you see with iniencephaly?

Back 63

exaggerated, hyperextension of the fetal head

Front 64

hydrocephaly

Back 64

dilitation of fetal ventricular system, due to an increase in amout of CSF or due to an obs.

Front 65

What are 6 causes of ventricularmegaly

Back 65

dilitation of vent. system
spina bifida
non communicating hydro
communicating hydro
arnold chiari syndrome
dandy walker syndrome

Front 66

List the flow of CSF

Back 66

cisterna magna
lateral vents
foramen of Monroe
3rd. Vent
aquaduct of sylvias
4th vent
foramen of Lushka
foramen of magandie
spinal cord

Front 67

non communicating hydrocephalus is also known as ...

Back 67

aquaductal stenosis or obstructive hydrocephalus

Front 68

what is non communicating hydro ...

Back 68

it is the narrowing or obstruction of the aquaduct of sylvius

Front 69

aquaductal stenosis will cause what other findings...

Back 69

dilitation of both lat. vents and dilated 3rd vent

Front 70

What parts of the brain will look normal with aquaductal stenosis (non commication hydro)

Back 70

normal cerebellum, 4th vent, and CM

Front 71

T/F
90% of ppl with non communicating hydro will have an IQ less than 70

Back 71

T

Front 72

communicating hydrocephalus will show

Back 72

dilitation of all ventricles caused by obstruction of the CSF flow outside the vent. sys.

Front 73

Arnold chiari malformation type II...

Back 73

congenital anomaly associated with Spina bifida where cerebelllum and brain stem are pulled toward the spinal cord

Front 74

What is arnold chiari associated with ...

Back 74

spina bifida
dilated 3rd vent and lat vent
banana shaped cerebellum
lemon shaped skull
obliterated cisterna magna

Front 75

A CNS abnormality that presents in adulthood in which the patient will have severe migranes

Back 75

Arnold Chiari Type 1

Front 76

Which CNS malformation will you associate an "obliterated Cisterna Magnum" with?

Back 76

arnold Chiari Type 2

Front 77

A large cystic structure is noted in the posterior fossa with this CNS malformation

Back 77

Dandy Walker syndrome

Front 78

What are some characteristics of Dandy Walker Syndrome

Back 78

splayed cerebellar hemispheres
agenisis of the cerebellar vermis
causes obs. of flow thru 4th vent.
hydrocephalus

Front 79

total or near absence of cerebral hemisheres with normally developed meninges and skull

Back 79

hydranencephaly

Front 80

What is the usual cause of hydranencephaly

Back 80

occlusion of ICA during development caused by infection (CMV and toxoplasmosis)

Front 81

With hydranencephaly will a falx and cortex be present

Back 81

no

Front 82

abnormal division of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

Back 82

holoprocecephaly

Front 83

what are three types of holoprocencephelly

Back 83

lobar
semilobar
alobar

Front 84

What abnormalities is holoprosencephaly usually associated with...

Back 84

Trisomy 13
craniofacial abn. (proboscis, hypoteloism, cyclopia, clefts)

Front 85

what is the most severe type of holoprocencephaly

Back 85

alobar

Front 86

with Alobar holoprocencephaly what structures will be present

Back 86

no CSP, falx, choroid Plexis and 3rd vent.
often have proboscis, cyclopia, small brain, hypotelerism

Front 87

The brain tissue present in alobar holoprocencephaly can have three presentations...

Back 87

pancake
ball
cup

Front 88

fluid in the back of the head is known as a....

Back 88

dorsal cyst

Front 89

what will you see with presentation of semilobar holoprosencephaly...

Back 89

some cerebral tissue
single vent.
falx present

Front 90

What is the least severe type of holoprosencephaly

Back 90

lobar

Front 91

what is the sonographic appearance of lobar holoprosencephaly

Back 91

normal brain tissue
both hemispheres
enlarged lat vent.
no CSP

Front 92

If there is an anomaly with lobar holoprosencephaly what would it be?

Back 92

hypotelorism

Front 93

if enlarged ventricles seen you will most likely have

Back 93

hydrocephaly

Front 96

midline cystic structure in posterior fossa

Back 96

dandy walker cyst

Front 97

The presence of CSF cystic areas within cerebral parenchyma which communicateswith the vent. system is known as...

Back 97

porencephaly

Front 98

What abnormality is associated with infection, infarction and trauma

Back 98

porencephalic cyst

Front 99

What are two types of spina bifida

Back 99

open and closed

Front 100

waht is another name for open spina bifida

Back 100

spina bifida aperta or cystica