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22 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
*Fundamentals unit of life
*Cell is self-sustaining unit of life
*75-100 trilloin cells in the human body
*Composed of four elements
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
*Other trace elements (calcium, iron,& iodine)
*Water make up 60-80% of the cell
Cell Facts
3 Basic Parts of the Cell
*Cytoplasm
*Cell Membrane
*Organelles
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Structure
*Function
Separates cytoplasm from eternal environment
*The membrane is semipermeable
*Governs the exchange of nutrients and waste materials
*projections of cell membrane are classified as microvilli, cilia, and flagella
Cell Membrane
*Function
'Provide cellular nutrition
'Support organelles
*Gel like fluid that is comprised mostly of water
*Organelles suspended throuhout
Cytoplasm
*Functions
'Carry on metabolic and reproductive processes
'Act just like organs in the body that all work together to carry out body processes
*Each possesses a distinct structure and function within the cell
Organelles
*Largest organelle in the cell
*Known as the "control center"
*Enclosed by a double membrane
*Houses the RNA and DNA that make up the 23 pairs of chromosomes that contain our genetic makeup
*Houses nucleolus to produces ribosomes that are sent out of the nucleus
Nucleus
*Function is to synthesize proteins for in cell use and produce proteins that are exported from the cell
*Small granules of RNA and proteins
*Found in the cytoplasm free floating("free ribosomes") or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum ("rough endoplasmic reticulum")
Ribosomes
*Function is to synthesize and assist in transportation of proteins and lipids for one part of the cell to another
*Composed of membranous channels
*Can be classified as smooth/agranular or rough/granular depending on if ribsomes are attached or not
Endoplasmic Reticulum
*Function is to alter proteins and lipids as well as pack and ship them until needed
*Series of 4-6 horizontal membranous sacs
*Proteins are wrapped in a piece of Golgi membrane (vessicle) and shipped out of the cell
Gogli Apparatus/Body
*Function is cellular respiration and production of ATP
*Called the "powerhouse"
*Double membrane system
'Outer is smooth
'Inner membrane is called christae
Mitochondria
*Membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes
*"trash compactor" of the cell
*Digests debris and pathogens and returns useable material to the cytoplasm
*Can also cause self-digestion
Lysosmes
*Passive Process
'No active energy expenditure
*Action Processes
"Require expenditure of energy(breakdown of ATP)
Cell Processes
*Diffusion: movement of molecules from areas of high concentrations to areas of low concentrations (making Kool-aid or spraying air freshener)
*Filtration: movement of particles across the cellular membrane due to pressure (air filter in AC)
*Osmosis: Movement of liguid from low concentration to ares of high until equalization occurs
Passive Processes
*Active Transport: move particles againt the concentration gradient
'40% of ATP in the body uesed for active transport
*Endocytosis: move large particles across cell membrane
'Phagocytosis: cell eating
'Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Active Processes
*Ectoderm: nervous system, mucosa, epidermis, hair
*Mesoderm: muscles and connective tissue
*Endoderm: lining of alimentary canal, respiratory system, and all tissue of organs and glands
Cell Layers
*Lines the internal organs and covers the outside of the body
*Functions
'Protection
'Absorption
'Filtration
'Secretion
'Excretion
'Diffusion
Epithelial Tissue
*Most abundant in body
*Highly vascular tissue
*Can be liquid(blood), bone, cartilage, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue
*Functions
'Nutrient transport
'Defends aganist disease
'Clotting properties
'Protect vital organs
Connective Tissue
*Highly vascular
*Unique in its ability to shorten and elongate
*3 Types
'Smooth
'Skeletal
'Cardiac
Muscle Tissue
*Cells called neurons
*Both detect and transmit electrical signals
*Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
*Charactistic include excitalility and conductibility
Nervous Tissue
*Body's reaction to cell death or injury and is a protective mechanism
*Purpose is to stabilize the area, contain infection, prepare area for repair
*Stages: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Inflammation
*Resolution: if cell membranes are still intact the tissue can be repaired
*Regeneration: occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with new tissue of the same type
*Fibrosis: occur with severe injury where scar tissue replaces the original tissue type
*Remodeling: fibrosis process is formed randomly and poorly resulting in bulky scar tissue
Repairing Tissue
*Mucous Membranes: secret viscous fluid called mucus
*Serous Membranes: line closed body cavities that are not open to the external environment
*Synovial Membranes: line joint cavities and secrete a thick vicous liquid called synovial fluid
Body Membranes