The Cell

Front 1

This theory states that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional unit of life, cells only arise from pre-existing cells and that cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA that is passed on from parent to daughter cell

Back 1

the cell theory

Front 2

these are not considered living things because they are acellular, cannot reproduce without the assistance of a host cell, and may contain RNA as their genetic material

Back 2

viruses

Front 3

this type of cell has membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and may form multicellular organisms

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eukaryotic

Front 4

what does the cell membrane and membranes of organelles contain that organize to form a hydrophilic interior and exterior surfaces with a hydrophobic core

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phospholipids

Front 5

this suspends the organelles of eukaryotic cells and allow diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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cytosol

Front 6

this eukaryotic organelle contains DNA

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nucleus

Front 7

what is the DNA in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell organized into?

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chromosomes

Front 8

what surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

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nuclear membrane or evelope

Front 9

a double membrane that contains nuclear pores for 2-way exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytosol

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nuclear membrane or envelope

Front 10

DNA is organized into these coding regions

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genes

Front 11

a subsection of the nucleus in which ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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nucleolus

Front 12

this organelle contains an outer and inner membrane

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mitochondria

Front 13

this mitochondrial membrane forms a barrier with the cytosol

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outer membrane

Front 14

this mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae and contains enzymes for the electron transport chain

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inner membrane

Front 15

the area between the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria

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intermembrane space

Front 16

this is inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane

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mitochondrial matrix

Front 17

how can mitochondria divide independently of the nucleus?

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via binary fission

Front 18

these organelles can trigger apoptosis by releasing their enzymes into the cytoplasm

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mitochondria

Front 19

these organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

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lysosomes

Front 20

when the hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes are releases what can occur?

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autolysis of the cell

Front 21

a series of interconnected membranes that is continuous with the nuclear envelope

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endoplasmic reticulum

Front 22

this endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion

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rough ER

Front 23

this endoplasmic reticulum is used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

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smooth ER

Front 24

this organelle consists of stacked membrane bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations

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golgi apparatus

Front 25

this organelles contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation and they also participate in phospholipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway

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peroxisomes

Front 26

this provides stability and rigidity to the overall structure of the cell, while also providing transport pathways for molecules within the cell

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cytoskeleton

Front 27

what are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

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microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

Front 28

these are made of of solid polymerized rods of actin and they provide structural protection for the cell

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microfilaments

Front 29

microfilaments can cause muscle contractions through interactions with what?

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myosin

Front 30

the division of materials between daughter cells

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cytokinesis

Front 31

during mitosis, the cleavage furrow is formed form what?

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microfilaments

Front 32

what are microtubules composed of?

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tubulin

Front 33

these create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dyenin to carry vesicles

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microtubules

Front 34

this component of the cytoskeleton also contributes to the structure of cilia and flagella

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microtubules

Front 35

this component of the cytoskeleton is involved in cell-cell adhesion of maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton; they help anchor organelles

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intermediate filaments

Front 36

keratin and desmin are common examples of these

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intermediate filaments

Front 37

cilia and flagella share this same structure

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9+2 structure

Front 38

these tissues cover the body and line its cavities, protecting against pathogen invasion and desiccation

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epithelial tissues

Front 39

the functional part of an organ

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parenchyma

Front 40

what type of cells typically form the parenchyma?

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epithelial cells

Front 41

epithelial cells may be _______________, with one side facing a lumen or the outside world and the other side facing blood vessels and structural cells

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polarized

Front 42

what are the 4 types of tissue?

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epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

Front 43

epithelia with one layer

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simple epithelia

Front 44

epithelia with many layers

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stratified epithelia

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epithelia that appear to have multiple layers because of differences in cell heights, but actually only have one layer

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pseudostratified epithelia

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cube shaped epithelial cells

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cuboidal

Front 47

long and narrow epithelial cells

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columnar

Front 48

flat and scale like epithelial cells

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squamous

Front 49

these tissues support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells

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connective tissues

Front 50

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all examples of what type of tissue

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connective

Front 51

in most organs what do connective tissue form?

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stroma

Front 52

these cells do not contain membrane bound organelles

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prokaryotic

Front 53

prokaryotic cells organize their genetic material in a single circular molecule of DNA concentrated where?

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nucleoid region

Front 54

What 2 domains are prokaryotic?

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bacteria and archaea

Front 55

What is the only non-prokaryotic domain of life?

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eukarya

Front 56

archaea are often called this because they live in harsh environments

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extremophiles

Front 57

what similarities do archaea and eukaryotes have?

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start transcription with methionine, similar RNA polymerases, and histones

Front 58

what similarities do archaea have with bacteria?

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single circular chromosome and divide by binary fission or budding

Front 59

spherical shaped bacteria

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coccus

Front 60

rod shaped bacteria

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bacillus

Front 61

these bacteria require oxygen for metabolism

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obligate aerobes

Front 62

these bacteria cannot survive in oxygen containing environments and can only carry out anaerobic metabolism

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obligate anaerobes

Front 63

these bacteria can survive in environments with or without oxygen and will toggle metabolic processes based on environment

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facultative anaerobes

Front 64

these bacteria can not use oxygen for metabolism but can survive in an oxygen containing environment

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aerotolerant anaerobes

Front 65

what do the cell wall and the cell membrane of bacteria form?

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envelope

Front 66

this controls the movement of solutes into and out of a bacterial cell

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envelope

Front 67

these bacteria have a purple gram stain and have a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and lipotechoic acid

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gram positive

Front 68

these bacteria have a pink gram stain and have a thin wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane composed of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

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gram negative

Front 69

moving in response to a chemical stimulus

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chemotaxis

Front 70

these generate propulsion to help bacteria move

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flagella

Front 71

these are composed of a filament, basal body and a hook

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flagella

Front 72

what do prokaryotes use to carry out the electron transport chain?

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cell membrane

Front 73

what are the ribosomal subunits of prokaryotic cells?

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30s and 50s

Front 74

what are the ribosomal subunits of eukaryotic cells?

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40s and 60s

Front 75

how do prokaryotes multiply?

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binary fission

Front 76

what does binary fission result in?

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2 identical daughter cells

Front 77

in prokaryotes, extracellular material can be carried in these

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plasmids

Front 78

plasmids that can integrate into the genome

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episomes

Front 79

plasmids contain many antibiotic resistances genes or _____________ _________________

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virulence factors

Front 80

List the 3 recombination processes seen in bacteria.

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transduction, transformation and conjugation

Front 81

the acquisition of genetic material from the environment, which can be integrated in to the bacterial genome

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transformation

Front 82

the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge

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conjugation

Front 83

what can be transferred from F+ to F- cells via conjugation?

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plasmid

Front 84

the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage as a vector

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transduction

Front 85

these are genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome

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transposons

Front 86

the phase of growth in which bacteria adapt to new local conditions

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lag phase

Front 87

the phase of growth in which bacteria start growing exponentially

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log phase

Front 88

as resources are reduced, bacterial growth levels off during this phase

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stationary phase

Front 89

as resources become insufficient, baceria undergo this phase of growth

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death phase

Front 90

these contain genetic material, a protein coat (capsid), and sometimes a lipid containing envelope

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viruses

Front 91

this is the term used to describe the fact that viruses can not survive and replicate outside of a host cell

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obligate intracellular parasites

Front 92

viruses that target bacteria

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bacteriophages

Front 93

the portion of a bacteriophage that injects the genetic material into the bacterium

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tail sheath

Front 94

this portion of a bacteriophage allows the bacteriophage to attach to the host cell

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tail fibers

Front 95

these viruses contain a single stranded RNA genome to which a complementary strand of DNA is made using reverse transcriptase

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retroviruses

Front 96

when a single stranded RNA virus is negative sense what is used to synthesize a complementary strand which can then be translated

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RNA replicase

Front 97

the life cycle of bacteriophages in which they produce massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses

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lytic cycle

Front 98

what are bacteria in the lytic phase termed?

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virulent

Front 99

in this life cycle of bacteriophages, the virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophage which can then reproduce along with the cell; the provirus then leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some later time

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lysogenic cycle

Front 100

infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins

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prions

Front 101

plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural derangement of the cell and potentially cell death

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viroids

Front 102

centrioles are found at this region of the cell

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centrosome

Front 103

microtubules are organized into a ring of __ doublets with __ central microtubules

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9,2

Front 104

epithelial cells are tightly joined to one another and to an underlying layer of connective tissue known as what?

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basement membrane