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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
The study of structure |
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Physiology |
The study of function (how things work) |
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Systems of the body |
Digestion, nervous, reproductice, endocrine, muscular, skeletal, respiratory, urinary, integumentary, circulatory. |
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Cell |
Basic unit of life Human body has about 75 trillion 200 different types |
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Micrometers |
cells are measured in units 1/1000mm Microscopic, usually |
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3 parts of a cell |
Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane |
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Interstitial fluid |
Liquid that surrounds all cells Found in between cells Made up of nutrients, swlt, waste products, and water |
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Plasma membrane |
Aka fluid mosaic model Outermost layer of human cells Thin, flexible, elastic & has a wavy border Wavy border gives cell a larger surface area |
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Plasma membrane |
Controls what enters and leaves the cell Selectively permeable (allows certain things in and out) Separates cell from its environment |
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Plasma membrane composition |
Made up of a double lipid layer Mostly phosphate lipids Proteins are found between the lipid layers Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass easily bc they are fat soluable Other molecules are impermeable bc they are water soluable Ex amino acids, sugar, nucleic acid, dna and rna |
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Proteins |
Actually as receptors Combine with other molecules like hormones Act as channels (like cracked door) Proteins make up enzymes and enzymes work as catalysts |
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Intercellular junctions |
Places where plasma membrane touch |
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Tight junctions |
Membranes of the cells fuse together (prevent leakage) Found inside small intestines and found in blood vessels of the brain |
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Desmosomes |
Aka anchoring junctions Used for reinforcement Plasma membranes are held together by protein filaments (skin, uterus, heart) |
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Gap junctions |
Allow chemicals to pass from cell to cell Potassium, calcium, and sodium Found in our heart and smooth muscles |
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Nucleus |
Directs the activity of the cell Made up of 3 parts Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin |
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Nuclear envelope |
First part of nucleus Double membrane Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Selectively permeable |
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Nucleolus |
Dense and non membranous Made up of protein and DNA It forms ribosomes |
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Chromatin |
Contains our genes and is also made up of protein and DNA Slightly darkened areas |
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Cytoplasm |
Made up of 3 parts Cytosol, inclusions, and organelles |
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Cytosol |
Fluid watery part Where most cellular activity occurs |
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Stem cell research |
1998, Thompson extracted stem cells from a human embryo |
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Stem cell |
A generic cell that makes exact copies of itself (all identical) Has the ability to produce specialized cells for various tissues like heart muscle and brain tissue |
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Embryonic |
1 of 2 stem cells From aborted fetuses, umbilical cords, or invitro fertilization Can produce all types of cells |
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Adult stem cells |
Second type of stem cell Not as versatile Specific to certain types of cells like blood, intestine, and si. Found in children and adults Can only make like cells |
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Uses of stem cells |
Possibly to treat diseases and injuries where cells and tissues are destroyed and an organ or tissue transplant is needed To generate new tissues and possible cures for alzheimers, Parkinsons, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, heart disease, arthritis, and cancer |
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Genetics |
Study cells that lead to birth defects |
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Drug testing |
Test new drugs on tissues |
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Inclusions |
Chemicals and stored nutrients in the cytosol |
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Organelles |
Cell parts with special functions |
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
An interconnected membrane of sacs, canals, and vesicles Transports materials through the cell 2 parts, smooth and rough |
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Smooth ER |
Lacks ribosomes |
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Rough ER |
Has ribosomes |
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Ribosomes |
They synthesize protein Made up of protein and RNA |
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Golgi apparatus |
Group of flat membraneous sacs Packages protein for transport and secretion in the cell |
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Mitochondria |
Membraneous sacs with inner partitians Their joh is to release energy from food in the formula of atp Also called the power house of the cells Make energy |
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Adenoside triphosphate (ATP) |
Provides energy for physiologically processes such as muscular contraction Present in all living tissue |
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Pros of stem cells |
Fertilized eggs are donated Organs already transplanted Abortion rates have not changed Already use adult stem cells for new tissues |
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Cons of stem cells |
Fertilized egg is a human being # of abortions will increase Selling of body parts is possibility Discourages other research |
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Cancer |
Epithelial cells mutate Cells multiply out of control Tumors form Can spread to lymphatic system and through out the body |
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Treatments for cancer now |
Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy |
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Treatments for cancer with stem cells |
Nanotubulea inserted into liver that destroys cancel cells only Ovarian cancer detected by way of a urine test Drugs that kill cancer cells only Enzyme telomerase causes cells to grow too fast, resulting in cancer |
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Lysosomes |
Membranous sacs Digest warn our cell parts and other substances |
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Peroxisomes-peroxidases |
Membranous vesicles Contains enzymes call peroxidases Rids cells of toxins (ex. Alcohol) |
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Centrosomes -centrioles |
Non membranous Made up of 2 centrioles Distribute chromosomes to new cells during Mitosis Form next set of organelles (cilia and flagella) |
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Cilia and flagella |
Both bring about movement Cilia looks like little hairs Flagella looks like a tail Lining our respiratory system |
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Vesicles |
Membranous sacs Store and transport food, water, and waster through the cell Made by plasma membrane when needed and breaks down when are not needed |
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Microfilaments and microtubules |
Together, support the plasma membrane Move particles through the cell Microfilaments-describes as thin rods Microtubule-thick tubes |
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Levels of organization |
How body is arranged Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level |
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Chemical level |
Atoms combine to form molecules |
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Cellular level |
Cells are made up of molecules |
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Tissue level |
Consist of similar types of cells |
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Organ level |
Made up of different types of tissues |
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Organ system level |
Consists of different organs that work together closely |
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Organismal level |
Human organism Made up of many organ systems |
