The Cell

Front 1

Prokaryotes

Back 1

Bacteria.
Cell wall present in all prokaryotes.
No nucleus.
Ribosomes (30S, 50S)
No membrane-bound organelles.

Front 2

Eukaryotes

Back 2

Protists, fungi, plants, animals.
Cell wall present in fungi and plants only.
Nucleus.
Ribosomes (40S, 60S)
Membrane-bound organelles.

Front 3

Smooth ER

Back 3

lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Front 4

Rough ER

Back 4

protein synthesis and chemical modification

Front 5

autolysis

Back 5

commiting suicide by rupturing lysosome membrane which releases hydrolutic enzymes that digest cellular contents

Front 6

peroxisomes

Back 6

breaks fats down into smaller mlecules that can be used for fuel, and are used in liver to detoxify compounds harmful to body

Front 7

glyoxosomes

Back 7

found in fat tissue of germinating seeds to convert fats into sugars until seedling is mature enough to produce its own supply by photosynthesis

Front 8

roles of enzymes

Back 8

lower activation energy of a reaction.
increase rate of reaction.
do NOT affect overal ^G of reaction.
are not changed or consumed in course of reaction.

Front 9

apoenzyme

Back 9

an enzymes devoid of its necessary cofactor

Front 10

holoenzyme

Back 10

enzyme containing is cofactor

Front 11

Michaelis constant (Km)

Back 11

Km = [S] = 1/2 (Vmax)

Front 12

Low Km

Back 12

low Km indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate

Front 13

High Km

Back 13

high Km reflects a low affinity of the enzyme for the substrate

Front 14

zygmogen

Back 14

enzyme that is secreted in an inactive form

Front 15

competitive inhibitor

Back 15

binds to active site.
can be overcome by adding more substrate.

Front 16

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 16

binds to site other than active site.
cannot be overcome by adding more substrate.

Front 17

anabolic

Back 17

energy requiring.
biosynthesis.

Front 18

catabolic

Back 18

energy releasing.
break down.

Front 19

autotrophic

Back 19

make own carbon

Front 20

heterotrophs

Back 20

obtain energy from break down of nutrients

Front 21

glucose formula

Back 21

C6 H12 O6

Front 22

NAD and FAD are reduced or oxidized in catabolic processes?

Back 22

reduced in catabolic processes

Front 23

NAD and FAD are reduced or oxidized in anabolic processes?

Back 23

oxidized in anabolic processes

Front 24

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 24

when ATP is directly coupled with a change in an organic molecule without the participation of an intermediate molecule like NAD+

Front 25

alcohol fermentation

Back 25

To regenerate NAD+:
1) pyruvate produced in glycolysis is dearboxylated to acetaldehyde then
2) reduced by NADH

Front 26

lactic acid fermentation

Back 26

pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid by oxidation of NADH to NAD+

Front 27

pyruvate decarboxylation

Back 27

pyruvate transported to mitochondrial matrix is decarboxylated then transferred to coenzyme A to form acteyl CoA. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Front 28

NADH produces how many ATP?

Back 28

3 ATP

Front 29

FADH2 produces homw many ATP?

Back 29

2 ATP

Front 30

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 30

the coupling of oxidation of NADH with the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Front 31

Location of glycolysis

Back 31

cytoplasm

Front 32

Location of fermentation

Back 32

cytoplasm

Front 33

Location of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Back 33

Mitochondial matrix

Front 34

Location of citric acid cycle

Back 34

Mitochondrial matrix

Front 35

Electron transport chain

Back 35

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 36

Carbohydrates (mono or disaccharides)

Back 36

hydrolyzed into glucose or glycolytic intermediates

Front 37

Fats

Back 37

stored in adipose tissue. hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol and carried into blood to other tissues for oxidation.
glycerol converted into PCAL (glycolytic intermediate)

Front 38

Proteins

Back 38

degrades amino acids only when not enough carbohydrate.

Front 39

transaminaton

Back 39

reaction in which amino acids lose an amino group to form an alpha-keto acid

Front 40

Why is regeneration of NAD+ important

Back 40

necessary for glycolysis to continue

Front 41

Name the 4 complexes in electron transport chain

Back 41

NADH dehydrogenase.
Succinate dehydrogenase.
Cytochrome bc1 dehydrogenase.
Cytochrome oxidase.

Front 42

Net reaction for glycolysis

Back 42

glucose + 2ATP + 4ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ --> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

Front 43

Net reaction for the citric acid cycle

Back 43

2Acetyl-CoA + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2GDP + 2Pi + 4H2O --> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP + 4H+ +2CoA

Front 44

Prokaryotes

Back 44

Bacteria

- cell wall present in all prokaryotes
- no nucleus
- ribosomes (30S and 50S)
- no membrane bound organelles

Front 45

Eukaryotes

Back 45

protists, fungi, plants, animals

- cell wall present in fungi and plantes only
- nucleus
- ribosomes (40S and 60S)
- membrane bound organelles

Front 46

nucleus

Back 46

- controls cell division
- surrounded by nuclear membrane
- nuclear pores allow for two-way selective exchange

Front 47

nucleolus

Back 47

dense structure in nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs

Front 48

ribosomes

Back 48

sites of protein production
- made in nucleolus
- free ribosomes found in cytoplasm
- bound ribosomes line ER

Front 49

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 49

- Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
- Rough ER: protein synthesis

Front 50

golgi apparatus

Back 50

receives vesicles and their contents from smooth ER
- modifies them (glycosylation), repackages them into vesicles, and distributes them

Front 51

secretory vesicles

Back 51

produced by the Golgi
- release their contents by exocytosis

Front 52

lysosome

Back 52

contain hydrolytic enzymes effective at low pH
- aid in renewing cell's own components by breaking down old ones and releasing their molecular buidlign blocks into the cytosol for reuse

Front 53

autolysis

Back 53

dying cell commits suicide by rupturing lysosome releasing hydolytic enzymes

Front 54

peroxisome

Back 54

break down fats

Front 55

glyoxysome

Back 55

in fat tissue of germinating seeds
- converts fats into sugars

Front 56

mitochondria

Back 56

sites of aerobic respiration
- contain own DNA (circular) and ribosomes that enables them to produce some of their own protein and to self-replicate by binary fission

Front 57

chloroplasts

Back 57

- contain chlorophyll
- site of photosynthesis
- contain own DNA and ribosomes

Front 58

cell wall

Back 58

- plant cell wall: made of cellulose
- fungi cell wall: made of chitin

Front 59

cytoskeleton

Back 59

- mechanical support
- maintain shape
- cell motility

Front 60

microtubules

(e.g. centrioles, flagella)

Back 60

tubulin subunits
- framework for organelle movement within cell
- centrioles direct separation of chromosomes and are made of microtubules
- cilia and flagella are specialized arrangments of microtubules that are involves in cell motility

Front 61

actin

Back 61

cell movement and support
- move materials across plasma membrane

Front 62

intermediate filaments

Back 62

maintain cytoskeletal integrity

Front 63

apoenzyme

Back 63

enzymes that is catalytically inactive because it is missing its cofactor

Front 64

holoenzyme

Back 64

enzyme with its ofactor

Front 65

prosthetic group

Back 65

tightly bound cofactor

Front 66

coenzymes

Back 66

organic cofactors (e.g. biotin)