The Cell

Front 1

What are the (4) summaries of the cell unifying theory is called the Cell Theory

Back 1

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. The genetic information is passed on from the parents cell to the daughter cell

Front 2

What are the (3) primary methods to study cells?

Back 2

Microscopy, autoradiography, centrifugation

Front 3

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

Back 3

Magnification is apparent size
Resolution is the differntiation of 2 closely situated objects.

Front 4

What are the (3) forms of microscopy and their way of producing an image

Back 4

Compound Light Micro: objective lens x eye piece mag
Phase Contrast: The use of refractive index (doesn't kill cell) for differentiation
Electron: beams of an electrons

Front 5

What is autoradiography?

Back 5

The use of radioactive labels (isotopes) to reveal distribution of compounds

Front 6

What is centrifugation?

Back 6

The separation of cells (low speed) and sedimentaries (high speed)

Front 7

In a centrifuge what are some examples of high density organelles, and low density? (1,2)

Back 7

Ribosomes
Mitochondria, lysosome

Front 8

What are the 2 categories of a cell? What doesn't occupy these 2 categories; why?

Back 8

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Viruses; bc not able to live independently

Front 9

What is special about prokaryotic (bacterial) cell organelles?

Back 9

The organelles are non-membrane bound

Front 10

Prokaryotic: Nucleus

Back 10

No true nucleus; DNA concentrated in in an area called the nucleoid region

Front 11

Prokaryotic: Special DNA consisting of a few genes. Why are they special?

Back 11

Plasmids; Replicate independently and allows for the cell to survive adverse environment

Front 12

Prokaryotic: What are the ribosome subunits and location

Back 12

30S and 50S
Everywhere in the cytosol

Front 13

Eukaryotic: What are the ribosome subunits and location

Back 13

40S and 60S
Mostly and RER

Front 14

Prokaryotic: What is it's membrane made of. And why is it special?

Back 14

A cell wall and cell membrane. Respiration occurs here.

Front 15

Eukaryotes: What (4) sub groups belong in eukaryotes?

Back 15

Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animal

Front 16

Where are centrioles located and what eukaryotic subgroup contains them?

Back 16

Centrosome area
In animal Cells only

Front 17

What (3) proteins are part of the cytoskeleton

Back 17

Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments

Front 18

What is the function of the microskeleton (4)

Back 18

Shape
Anchor of organelles
Maintenance
Intracellular Transport

Front 19

In a phospholipid bilayer where can hydrophillic ends be found?

Back 19

In the exterior of the membrane

Front 20

Does non-polar or polar molecules freely move through the cell membrane?

Back 20

non-polar

Front 21

Proteins, complex carbohydrates, charged molecules, and large proteins need this to move through the cell membrane

Back 21

carrier proteins

Front 22

What is the main contributor to the fluidity of the cell membrane

Back 22

cholesterol

Front 23

What type of protein in the cell membrane...
Allow for the passing of certain materials
Contribute to cell recognition and adhesion

Back 23

Transport Proteins
CAM or Cell adhesion Molecules

Front 24

Glycoproteins and complex proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane that are specific to molecules are called...

Back 24

Receptors

Front 25

Nucleus name the following:
1.Double membrane on outside
2.Allow for two-way exchange
3.DNA with structural proteins
4.Where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs

Back 25

1.Nuclear membrane/envelope
2.Nuclear Pore
3.Histones
4.Nucleolus

Front 26

Ribosome:
Ribosomal subunits (small and large) are made up of
Name the following:
Ribosomes found in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes found on the outer membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 26

rRNA and proteins
Free Ribosomes
Bound Ribosomes

Front 27

The RER functions as (2)

Back 27

makes proteins for secretion and intracellular transport

Front 28

The SER fuctions as (2)

Back 28

lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Front 29

What happens to proteins when they cross into the RER then into SER

Back 29

RER: chemical modification
SER: secreted into cytoplasmic vesicles and transported to Golgi

Front 30

What happens in the Golgi? (2)

Back 30

Modification as in glycosylation
Secretion from the cell through exocytosis

Front 31

What is the name of membrane bound sacs for storage of materials?

Back 31

Vesicles or vacuoles (plant only)

Front 32

Lysosomes contain ________ enzymes that are maximally effective at pH of ___.

Back 32

hydrolytic; 5

Front 33

The suicide of a cell is called

Back 33

autolysis

Front 34

What are the 2 most important microbodies and functions?

Back 34

Peroxisome: detoxification (alcohol and H202), H202 production, fat catabolism
Glyoxysome: Convert fat into sugars in germinating seedlings (plant)

Front 35

What is special about mitochondrial membrane?
What is the space between called?

Back 35

2 biphospolipidbilayers
Intermembrane space

Front 36

The inner mitochondrial membrane us called? function?

Back 36

Cristae
Contains proteins of the Electron Transport chain

Front 37

Cell respiration occurs in the (specific site).

Back 37

mitochondrial matrix

Front 38

How are mitochondrias different from other organelles?

Back 38

Semiautonomous (own DNA and Ribosome)
Can replicate through binary fission
From prokaryotic cells that evolved in a symbiotic fashion with cell

Front 39

What organelles are inherited from the mother (oocyte)

Back 39

Mitochondria and ribosomes

Front 40

What eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell wall?

Back 40

Plants and fungi

Front 41

What is the are is a cetriole made of and function?

Back 41

microtubule
spindle organization during cell division

Front 42

Microtubules are made up of

Back 42

tubulin

Front 43

Cilia and flagella are mad up of?

Back 43

microtubules

Front 44

Microfilaments are made up of and function?

Back 44

actin; cell support, muscle contraction and intracellular material movement

Front 45

Intermediate filament function?

Back 45

Maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity

Front 46

What is the net movement of dissolved particles down a concentration gradient called? Some examples..

Back 46

Simple Diffusion
i.e. O2, CO2

Front 47

Diffusion of water to an area of low concentration OF SOLUTE to a high concentration of SOLUTE?

Back 47

Osmosis

Front 48

Osmosis: cell shrink

Back 48

hypertonic

Front 49

Osmosis: cell swell

Back 49

hypotonic

Front 50

Osmosis: cell is in equilibrium

Back 50

isotonic

Front 51

When a cell explodes due to hypotonic it is called...

Back 51

lyses

Front 52

The use of carrier molecules without energy to go with gradient... i.e.

Back 52

Facilitated Diffusion
i.e. glucose. usually large NON-POLAR molecules

Front 53

The use of transport proteins and energy to go against gradient... i.e.

Back 53

Active Transport
i.e. Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl- POLAR molecules

Front 54

Define pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Back 54

Endocytosis of fluids and small particles
Phagocytosis is the engulfing of large particles

Front 55

The release of contents of vesicles from inside cell to outside

Back 55

Exocytosis

Front 56

The (4) types of tissue

Back 56

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

Front 57

Three types of muscle (3)

Back 57

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Front 58

What are viruses made of? General and Specific

Back 58

Nucleic Acid and a Protein Coat
NA: Can be DNA or RNA (single or double) sooo 4 different types
P: Called a capsid

Front 59

Viruses are what type of parasites?
What is a daughter virus?
What exclusively infects bateria?

Back 59

Obligate intrcellular parasites
virions
bacteriophages