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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell theory states (4) things for all organisms including multicellular and unicellular
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-basic unit of life
-all living things made of cells -cells made from pre existing cells -cells have genetic info in form of DNA |
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3 primary techniques used in biology to study cell
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-microscopy
-autoradiography -centrifugation |
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microscopy: magnification vs resolution
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magnification= increase in object size
resolution= ability to differentiate between two objects |
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compound light microscope
-diaphragm -coarse adjustment knob -fine adjustment knob |
-control amount of light going through
-move stage to roughly focus image -finely focus image |
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phase contrast microscope used for
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seeing living specimen doing its cellular activities uninterrupted
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electron microscope most
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powerful look at atomic level
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autoradiography
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use radioactive decay to follow biochem pathways in cell
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centrifugation
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separates different parts of cells from high speeds and different weight of organelles/structures
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bacteria is a
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prokaryote (simplest form of life) lack nucleus
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describe prokaryote
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-no nuclei
-no membrane bound organelles -DNA conc in nucleoid -plasmids to carry genetic info also -all have cell wall -ribosomes 30/50S -UNICELLULAR |
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explain plasmid relationship to resistance seen in some bacteria strains
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-plasmid replicate independent of nuclear genome
-can transfer plasmid between one another |
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bacteria 2 shapes=
can bacteria have flagellum? |
-cocci,bacilli
-some can |
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describe eukaryotes
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-cell wall in some fungi/protists, in plants
-nucleus -ribosomes 60/40S -uni/multicellular -membrane bound organelles |
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which are eukaryotes fungi protists plants animals
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all
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eukaryotic cells:
-have cytoskeleton name 3 fiber types from smallest to largest |
actin intermediate microtubules
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cell membrane:
made of phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol in it transport proteins allow passage of CAMs.. |
-fluidity/stiffness of the membrane regulated by it
-allow polar molecules/ions in/out of cell -cell adhesion molecules, for recognition and for differentiation/development |
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the more nonpolar a molecule is the...
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easier/faster it goes thru membrane
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nucleus:
surrounded by nuclear pores that genes histones chromosomes/chromatids nucleolus |
nuclear envelope/membrane-->double membrane
allow in/out coding regions of DNA proteins that DNA winds around DNA compacted into it rRNA made here |
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DNA (2) things its for
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-protein synthesis
-blueprint during cell replication |
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ribosome
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protein production here
get info from nucleus either free or bound send to ER |
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ER
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-smooth--> detox, lipid synthesis
-rough--> protein synthesis -acts like shipping centre, sorts material and send to right location |
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Golgi
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-packaging central
-directs material within cell -send things via secretory vesicles |
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vacuole vs vesicle
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vacuole larger more found in plant cells
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lysosomes
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-garbage dump
-use hydrolytic enzymes (ph 5) break down material -clean up old cell structures also -also for autolysis (cell suicide when organelles like nucleus damaged -can recycle some material |
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mitochondria
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-powerhouse
-outer membrane acts as wall to allow things in -inner has molecules/enzymes, inner encloses matrix -matrix has enzymes for cellular respiration -cristae increase SA in inner -semiautonomous-->own genes, independent replication -also can release enzymes during apoptosis |
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what are microbodies and two types
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-catalyze reactions
-perioxisomes and glyoxysomes |
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perioxisomes
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-detox in liver
-make hydrogen peroxide for breaking down fat |
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glyoxysomes
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-in germinating plants turn fat into sugar until plant ready to photosynthesize
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chloroplasts
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-in plants/algae
-have chlorophyll -water co2 sunlight-->energy -own DNA (like mito) |
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cell wall
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-increase stability/defence
-plants have them made of cellulose -some fungi have them made of chitin -some protists have them made of calcium carbonate |
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centrioles
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-9 bundles of 3 microtubules
-animal cells: 2 pairs at right angles -organize spindle apparatus where chromosomes move during mitosis |
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cytoskeleton
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-microfilaments: actin, find in muscle contraction,cell membrane, amoeboid movement
-microtubules: hollow, tubulin polymers, separation during meiosis/mitosis, basis for cilia/flagella -intermediate filaments: fibers maintain integrity of skeleton |
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simple diffusion
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-no energy needed
-go from high conc to lower ie follow conc gradient -osmosis is example remember hyper/hypo/isotonic solutions -small nonpolar molecules like o2,co2 etc |
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with isotonicity
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there is movement just the net movement of particles is prevented
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facilitated diffusion
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-passive transport
-membrane proteins used to move large,polar,ion molecules |
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active transport
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-against conc gradient
-need energy/membrane protein -polar molecules and ions |
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pinocytosis vs phagocytosis
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pino:fluids/dissolved particles
phago: large solids |
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endo/exocytosis allow the cell to
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compartmentalize certain functions, creating new and better environments favorable to reaction like digestion
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virus definition
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-acellular, with nucleic acids and protein coat
-dont follow cell theory -don't need ribosomes and many things since they hitchhike on host |
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size of different cells in increasing order
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virus<pro<eu
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virus:
nuclear info either circular or ___, single or___, and DNA or ___ capsid= called____parasites since |
linear,double stranded, RNA
protein coat obligate intracellular, can't reproduce by themselves |
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virions=
bacteriophage= |
-new copies of virus made after hijacking host
-virus that target bacteria |
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virus vs bacteriophage which one enters the cell
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virus, bacteriophage inject material into cell
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