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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Mammalian Circulatory System? |
The Mammalian Circulatory System is a closed, complete double system |
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What is the Pumping Mechanism? |
The heart |
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What is the Transport Medium? |
Blood |
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What is The transport Vessel? |
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries |
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What is the definition of the Heart? |
The heart is the central muscle of the cardiovascular System It is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body |
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What is Blood? |
Blood is considered a connective tissue Responsible for transporting dissolved gases, ENZYMES, HORMONES, and waste products It regulates pH balance, body temperature, and electrolyte levels Protects the body from invaders Helps the body heal after an injury |
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What are blood vessels? |
A network of hollow tube-like structures that connect the heart to the other organs of the body and carry blood through the body. |
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What are the three primary blood cycles? |
Cardiovascular Pulmonary Systemic |
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What is Cardiovascular Circulation? |
The route taken by the blood within the heart |
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What is Pulmonary Circulation? |
The route taken by the blood from the heart to the lungs and back again |
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What is Systemic Circulation? |
The route of blood taken from the heart to the rest of the body and back |
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What are the 2 main elements of Blood? |
Plasma - The fluid (non-living) portions, makes up about 55% of blood VOLUME Blood Cells- The solid (living) portion. 44% red blood cells, 1% white blood cells |
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What are Erythrocytes? |
Red blood Cells specialized for oxygen transport Rarely live more than 3-4 months |
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What do Red Blood Cells not contain, and what are the packed with? |
They have no nucleus They are disk shaped cells packed with Hemoglobin |
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How often does a healthy body replace its red blood cells? |
At a rate of about 1-2 million/second |
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What is Hemoglobin? |
A respiratory pigment An iron containing molecule that binds with Hemoglobin |
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What does Hemoglobin do? |
Hemoglobin is capable of picking up and releasing oxygen |
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What are the 2 factors that play a major part in determining when oxygen is picked up or it is released? |
Concentration of Oxygen Acidity of Surrounding Fluid |
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Define Concentration of Oxygen |
It is measured in Partial Pressure When the Partial Pressure is high, the hemoglobin picks oxygen up When it is low, the hemoglobin releases Oxygen |
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Define "Acidity of Surrounding Fluid" |
Acidity if influenced by the presence or absence of dissolved carbon dioxide An increase of CO2 results in the weakened bond between Hemoglobin and oxygen A decrease in CO2 results in the Hemoglobin picking up Oxygen |
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What are Leukocytes? |
White blood cells They have a nucleus They appear colourless |
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What are the roles of Leukocytes? |
They have many roles that help protect the body from disease causing agents |
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Do Erythrocytes have nucleus'? |
Mature Erythrocytes have no nucleus |
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What are the two main types of Leukocytes? |
Granulocytes Agranulocytes |
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Describe Granulocytes |
Appear to have granules in the Cytoplasm 3 types of Granulocytes: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils |
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What is a Neutrophil? |
A type of white blood cell with a 3 lobbed nucleus that are found in pus |
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What is an eosinophil? |
A type of white blood cell with a nucleus shaped like a "B" that are active during Allergic Reactions |
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What is a Basinophil? |
A type of Granulocyte that has a "kidney bean" shaped nucleus |
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What is an Agranulocyte? |
A white blood cell without Granules in the Cytoplasm |
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What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes? |
Lymphocytes Monocytes |
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What is a Lymphocyte? |
An Agranulocyte that have a light blue nucleus (when stained) with a small cytoplasm and plays a role in the body acquired immune response |
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What two blood cells play roles in the body's acquired immune response? |
Lymphocytes Eosinophils |
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What are Monocytes? |
A type of Agranulocyte that engulfs foreign materials Performs Phagocytosis to envelop bacteria |
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What type of blood cell performs Phagocytosis? |
Monocytes perform Phagocytosis to engulf bacteria |
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What are Platelets? |
They are fragments of cells that are created when larger cells in the BONE MARROW brake apart ARE NOT CELLS!!!!! |
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What is the Process of Blood Clotting |
1. Broken down blood VESSELS attract Platelets to the site 2. As the Platelets collect they release chemicals that react with Plasma to produce THROMBOPLASTIN 3. In the presence of CALCIUM IONS, Thromboplastin reacts with PROTHROMBIN to produce THROMBIN 4. Thrombin reacts with FIBRINOGEN to produce FIBRIN 5. Fibrin is an insoluble material that forms a mesh of strands around the area of injury |
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What insoluble material plays a major role in blood clotting? |
Fibrin |
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When were the 4 major blood groups identified? |
Early 1900's |
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What are the 4 main blood groups? |
A, B, AB, and O |
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What blood type is the universal donor? |
O Rh negative |
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What blood type is the universal recipient? |
AB Rh Positive |
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How is each blood group characterized? |
By the presence or absence of protein markers (antigens) on the wall of the red blood cell |
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What are the 2 main Antigens? |
A and B |
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What does the plasma carry? |
Antibodies against the antigens that are NOT present on the red blood cells |
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What antigens and antibodies are present in Type A blood? |
Antigens: A Antibodies: Anti-B |
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What antigens and antibodies are present on Type B blood? |
Antigens: B Antibodies: Anti-A |
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What antigens and antibodies are present on Type AB blood? |
Antigens: Both A and B Antibodies: None |
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What antigens and antibodies are present on Type O blood? |
Antigens: None Antibodies: Both Anti-A and Anti-B |
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What are Antibodies? |
A blood protein produced in order to counteract a specific antigen |
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What are Antibodies responsible for? |
The agglutination of Red Blood Cells when incompatible red blood cells are mixed |
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What is Agglutination? |
The clumping of Red Blood Cells |
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Why is agglutination a negative process? |
Agglutinated blood cells can clog blood vessels, this blocking circulation and causing severe damage to the body |
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What is Rh? |
It is another antigen found on red blood cells called the Rhesus Factor (Rh) |
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What decides if people are Rh- or Rh+? |
If a person HAS the Rh antigen, they are said to be Rh+, whereas if they do not, they are said to be Rh- |
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What makes the Rh antigen unique from other antigens? |
The Rh antibody is present in the blood only after an exposure to the Rh antigen |
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Why should the first transfusion of Rh+ blood to an Rh- recipient be usually safe? |
The antibodies take 2-4 months to develop |
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What does RhIg stand for? |
Immunoglobulin |
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When do problems usually arise when it comes to the Rh factor? |
When an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ baby |
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Why could having an Rh+ baby be dangerous? |
Red blood cells may leak across the placenta into the mothers circulatory system during broth causing the mother to produce anti-Rh antibodies that can cross the placenta and destroy the child's red blood cells |
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What can suppress an Rh- mothers ability to react to the Rh+ blood cells? |
An injection of RhIg |
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What do all arteries carry? And where do they carry it? |
ALL arteries carry blood away from the heart, this means that MOST arteries carry OXYGENATED BLOOD |
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What is the exception the the Artery rule? Why? |
The exception is the Pulmonary Artery, because it carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs |
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How many layers do Arteries and Arterioles have? |
They are both made up of three layers. 1. The outer layer 2. The middle layer 3. The inner layer |
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Describe the outer layer of an artery |
Made up of connective tissue and elastic fibers |
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Describe the middle layer of an artery |
The thickest is made up of circular bands of smooth muscle |
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Describe the inner layer of an artery |
Only one cell thick and made up of smooth epithelial cells |
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What's is the distinguished feature of arteries? Why? |
The thick elastic middle layer The elasticity allows the artery to first expand as blood passes right through it then snaps back again This movement keeps the blood flowing in the right direction and provides and additional pumping motion to help force blood through the vessels |
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What is the largest artery in the body? What is its role? |
The aorta ~2.5cm in diameter It transports large volumes of OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD from the heart to other arteries in the body |
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What is the Brachiocephalic Trunk? |
An "arch" where the Aorta branches into the Carotid Arteries |
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Which artery supplies blood to the neck and head? |
Carotid arteries |
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Where does the vertebral artery supply blood? |
The spinal cord |
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Which arteries supple blood to the arms? |
Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, and Ulnor |
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Which arteries supply blood to the legs? |
Iliac and Femoral |
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Which artery supplies blood to the heart? |
Coronary arteries |
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What supplies blood to the liver? |
Hepatic Arteries |
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What supplies blood to the kidney? |
The Renal Arteries |
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What arteries supply blood to the stomach? |
Gastric Arteries |
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What supplies blood to the Small and Large Intestines? |
Mesantric Arteries |
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What do all veins carry? And where? |
All veins carry blood towards the heart. MOST veins carry deoxygenated blood |
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What is the exception to the Vein rule? |
The Pulmonary Vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
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Compare arteries and veins |
Compared to Arteries, veins have a thinner wall and a LARGE inner circumference |
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Since veins cannot contract as arteries do, what other mechanisms are used to keep blood flowing? |
For areas above the heart, the pull of gravity draws the blood through the veins. For areas below the heart, the contractions of skeletal muscles exert pressure on the vessels lying between them forcing them upward |
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What stops blood from flowing in the wrong direction in veins? |
Valves are equipped with one way valves that prevent backflow |
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Describe Capillaries |
They are the smallest vessels They reach every single corner of the body Their walls are only one cell thick Their diameter is just big enough to let the largest blood cells to pass through single file |
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What is unique about the capillary wall? |
It regulates the movement of materials into and out of the blood stream |
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How many chambers is the mammalian heart divided into? What are they? |
The human heart is divided into 4 chambers. The left and right atria; and the left and right ventricles. |
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Why is the heart known as a double pump? |
Because the two atria contract simultaneously and the two ventricles contract shortly thereafter. This forces blood through the cardiac cycle |
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What is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
As blood returns from the body, it is collected in the Superior Vena Cava (a vein), which flows into the right atrium When the atria contract, the right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle When the ventricles contract, the right ventricle pumps blood from the heart to the lungs via the PULMONARY ARTERY The now oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the PULMONARY VEIN, which then empties into the left atrium When the atria contract contract the left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle When the ventricles contract, the left ventricle pumps blood out through the aorta to the systemic circulation |
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Why do the atria have relatively thin walls? |
Because they only have to pump blood into the ventricles, and this means the do not generate much force |
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Why do the ventricles have thicker muscular walls? |
So that they can push blood out through the systemic circulation |
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Which ventricle has the thickest wall? Why? |
The left ventricle, because it must force the blood the greatest distance |
