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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of the ventricular system in the brain?
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Provides us with a useful set of landmarks with which to orient ourselves in our study of the brain's anatomy
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Lateral ventricles
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2 c-shaped ventricles; the outermost ones
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Third ventricle
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on the midline, between the lateral ventricles
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Cerebral aqueduct
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links the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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Fourth ventricle/Foramen of Luschka
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midline, above the spinal cord
below the cerebral aqueduct |
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - how is it made and what is its purpose
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protects CNS and acts as a waste system
made by specialized cells lining the roofs of all the ventricles (particularly the lateral ventricles) called choroid plexus 600-700 mL made each day, chemically similar to serum/plasma |
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choroid plexus
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specialized cells lining the roofs of the ventricles in the brain that make CSF
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describe the embryological development of the brain
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after the neural plate unfolds, forming the neural tube, the cephalic end of the tube becomes characterized by 3 swellings known as the three primary brain vessicles:
hindbrain (rhombencehpalon) midbrain (mesencephalon) forebrain (prosencephalon) |
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further differentiation in the primary brain vessicles results in how many distinguishable brain vessicles?
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five:
mylencephalon metencephalon mesencephalon diencephalon telencephalon |
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What two structures compose the differentiated hindbrain?
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mylencephalon
metencephalon |
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What is the principle structure of the mylencephalon, what is its function and in what portion of the brain is it found?
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medulla - swollen anterior end of the spinal cord; crossing over of contralateral nerves occurs here; vital nuclei of cranial nerves VI through XII are here
lower part of the hindbrain |
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What are the two primary components of the metencephalon and in what part of the brain are they?
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pons, cerebellum
upper part of the hindbrain separated by the fourth ventricle |
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pons
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thick, important for communication between parts of the cerebellum
implicated in Locked In syndrome (paper) hindbrain |
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cerebellum
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principle structure of the extrapyramidal motor system
important for proprioceptive information: muscle spindles and vestibular apparatus (inner ear) coordinates and integrates voluntary motor movements, adjusts muscle tonus for upright posture, keeps us balanced and oriented, great temporal resolution when you get drunk your cerebellum is fucked up! 70 billion neurons! |
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Where is the midbrain (mesencephalon) located?
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cephalic to the pons, divided into two parts by the cerebral aquaduct
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What are the two parts of the midbrain?
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Tegmentum "floor" - below cerebral aqueduct
Tectum "ceiling" - above cerebral aqueduct |
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Tegmentum
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"floor" of midbrain
includes the red nucleus and the substantia nigra; both are important nuclei in the extrapyramidal motor system (along with cerebellum) |
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Tectum
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"ceiling" of midbrain
quadrageminal bodies: colliculi superior colliculi - eye movement and especially eye reflexes (blinking) inferior colliculi - some preliminary auditory processing, some sound localization, and especially the startle response to loud noise |
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superior colliculi
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part of tectum of midbrain
eye movement and especially eye reflexes (blinking) visual protective response - protopathic |
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inferior colliculi
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part of tectum of midbrain
some preliminary auditory processing, some sound localization, and especially the startle response to loud noise other animals have more processing in colliculi; this is protopathic for humans |
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brainstem reticular formation
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part of the midbrain; network of neurons
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) |
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Where's the lesion?
altered level of consciousness |
brain stem lesion or dysfunction of both cerebral hemispheres
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dysarthria (difficulty pronouncing words)
dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Where's the lesion? |
lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum
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Where's the lesion?
facial weakness ipsilateral to body weakness |
lesion in the high pons or above
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Where is the midbrain (mesencephalon) located?
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cephalic to the pons, divided into two parts by the cerebral aquaduct
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What are the two parts of the midbrain?
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Tegmentum "floor" - below cerebral aqueduct
Tectum "ceiling" - above cerebral aqueduct |
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Tegmentum
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"floor" of midbrain
includes the red nucleus and the substantia nigra; both are important nuclei in the extrapyramidal motor system (along with cerebellum) |
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Tectum
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"ceiling" of midbrain
quadrageminal bodies: colliculi superior colliculi - eye movement and especially eye reflexes (blinking) inferior colliculi - some preliminary auditory processing, some sound localization, and especially the startle response to loud noise |
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superior colliculi
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part of tectum of midbrain
eye movement and especially eye reflexes (blinking) visual protective response - protopathic |
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inferior colliculi
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part of tectum of midbrain
some preliminary auditory processing, some sound localization, and especially the startle response to loud noise other animals have more processing in colliculi; this is protopathic for humans |
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brainstem reticular formation
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part of the midbrain; network of neurons
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) |
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Where's the lesion?
altered level of consciousness |
brain stem lesion or dysfunction of both cerebral hemispheres
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dysarthria (difficulty pronouncing words)
dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Where's the lesion? |
lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum
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Where's the lesion?
facial weakness ipsilateral to body weakness |
lesion in the high pons or above
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