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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER
function? comprised of? major projection fiber? function of proj. fiber? |
Responsible for communication between the cerebral areas, cortex, & lower CNS centers
-mostly comprised of lg bundles of myelinated fibers called projection fibers -major projection fiber: corpus collosum (connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres) |
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BRAIN STRUCTURES
name some |
Basal Nuclei, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, brain stem, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
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BRAIN STRUCTURES: BASAL NUCLEI:
what is it? comprised of? very closely associated with? contains? |
-deep structure within white matter
-comprised of caudate nucleus, putamen, & Globus pallidus -very closely associated with substantia nigra -contains structure called striatum |
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LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
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putamen + pallidus
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CORPUS STRIATUM
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lentiform + caudate
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STRIATUM
function? |
-receives input from entire cortex
-output from striatum appears to have some complex role in skel. muscle movement |
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BASAL NUCLEI CONT'D
derivative of possible function? example? |
derived from corpus striatum
-may be involved in reg. of unneccessary movements, controlling intensity of movement, as well as starting & stopping movements (ie parkinsons) |
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DIENCEPHALON
what is it? what surrounds it? comprised of? |
-central core of forebrain
-surrounded by cerebral hemi's -comprised of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
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THALAMUS
makes up what % of diencephalon? means what? contains? function? |
-makes up 80% of diencephalon
-means inner room -contains a dozen nuclei that project to specific cortical areas -where info is stored & edited -IE: crude info > thalamus > discrimination |
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HYPOTHALAMUS
like what? functions? |
like an "endocrine master control"
-functions: autonomic(reg. HR, BP, GI motility, R, & pupil size), emotional (part of limbic sys. involved in sex drive, fear, pleasure, rage), body temp (internal thermostat), reg. of food & water (hormones, osmoreceptors), biological clock (suprachiasmatic nuclei, sleep & wake cycles), hormonal release (part of hypthalamic-pituitary axis) |
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EPITHALAMUS
what is it? functions? (3) |
-pineal gland (pine cone shaped)
-secretes melatonin (deriv. of seratonin), involved in sleep & wake cycles, & forms choroid plexus (CSF production) |
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BRAIN STEM
what are the 3 main regions? very similar to? function? |
3 main regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
-very similar, histologically, to the spinal cord -involved in gross function: rigidly programmed autonomic functions -primitive functions |
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MIDBRAIN
location? contains? forms? which is surrounded by? also consists of? |
located between diencephalon & pons
-contains 2 peduncles ventrally w large pyramidal tracts that descend down towards spinal cord -forms hollow cerebral aquaduct (that connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles) surrounded by periqueductal matter (involved in pain suppression) -consists of several scattered nuclei: superior colliculli (head movement), inferior colliculli (auditory auditory startle reflex), & substantia nigra (dopamine) |
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PONS
what is it? means? contains? |
-bulging area between midrain & medulla
-means bridge -contains conduction tracts to allow for communication between cortex & cerebellum -contains respiratory ctr (herniation) |
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA
location? contains? gross functions? |
-blends into spinal cord
-contains several nerve tracts -gross functions: CV (cardiac & vasomotor responses HR, BP), Respiratory (in a neg feedback mech with the pons. Rate & depth of breathing), vomitting, coughing, swallowing, hiccuping, yawning, sneezing |
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CEREBELLUM
means? locale? functions? |
means small brain
-lies dorsal to pons -f: processes input from motor cortex, brain stem & sensory rec. Provides precise timing & appropriate patterns of skel. muscle contraction. Allows for smooth, coordinated muscle movement. |
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CEREBELLUM CONT'D
unique characteristic? consists of? portions? overal fuction? |
-divided into 2 hemi's
-consists of a cortex (gray matter), & a myelinated, white matter core -medial portion (motor of trunk), intermediate (distal limbs), & lateral (movement planning) -cerebellum constantly compares higher brain intentions w/ body performance |
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
what is it? linked ? function? areas? |
-network of non-localized structures
-linked by a # of nerve tracts -function: emotions -2 main areas: amygdala, cingulate gyrus |
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AMYGDALA
recognizes? description? decreased 5-HT =? |
-recognizes angry & fearful facial expressions
-likely serotenergic in nature -decreased 5-HT = decreased ability to rec. facial expressions related to fear & anger |
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CINGULATE GYRUS
functions? |
-expresses emotions thru gestures
-involved in resolving mental conflicts -involved in emotional supression -interacts with cortex (emotion over logic) |
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RETICULAR FORMATION
forms? comprised of? function? neurons project? |
-forms the core of the medulla oblongata, pons, & midbrain
-comprised of loosely clustered neurons, forming 3 columns along the length of the brainstem -involved in wakefullness and alertness -neurons project to the SC, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, & cortex |
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RAPHE NUCLEI
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5-HT
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MEDIAL, LATERAL GROUPS
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respiratory function
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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
function inhibited by? |
-enhances arousing effects, & also supresses competitive/weak signals
-inhibited by the hypothalamic sleep center |
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PROTECTION OF BRAIN
forms |
skin
bone meninges cerebral spinal fluid blood brain barrier |
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MENINGES
functions layers |
-Fuctions: covers CNS, protects BV, helps contain CSF, forms portions of the skull
-layers: dura matter, arachnoid, pia mater |
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DURA MATER
description layers location |
-toughest layer
-2 layered fibrous tissue: periosteal layer (fuses to bone), meningeal layer (faces brain -area right below the bone |
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ARACHNOID
what is it? location what's below it? what does it contain? |
-loose spider like web covering
-separated from dura by subdural space -below arachnoid is subarachnoid space -SA space contains CSF & many BV |
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PIA MATTER
what is it? |
delicate outer covering of brain
thin membrane that clings to the brain |
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CSF
similar to? contains more? less? contains __ which has ? fills? moved along by ? |
-similar in composition to plasma
-contains more Na, Cl, H, less Ca, K -contains choroid plexus of the ventricular structures contain permeable capillaries w/ special ion pumps that manufacture CSF -CSF fills the ventricles , then moves into SA space via the 4th ventricle -Moved along by ependymal cells to circulate thru the SA space & spinal cord |
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CSF CONT'D
Functions |
Functions: protection, nourishment, & hormone transplant & drugs
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BBB
what is it? consists of? feature? limits? |
continuous layer of endothelium of the capillaries
-consists of thick basal lamina & tight gap junctions -very limited permeability -limits access of a variety of chemicals to the brain |
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BBB CONT'D
permeables impermeables? role? |
Passive: lipids, gases. glucose, amino acids
Impermeables: K ions, nonessential AAs, water solubles, urea -Some areas more perm than others -metabolic role |