The Beginnings

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germinal period

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the first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation

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embryonic period

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the stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eighth week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop

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fetal period

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the stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the fetus gains about 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own

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implantation

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the process, beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism burros into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develope

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embryo

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the name for a developing human organism from about the third through eighth week after conception

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fetus

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the name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth

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ultrasound

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an image of a fetus (or an internal organ) produced by using high frequency sound waves

also called a sonogram

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cephalocaudal

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head to tail

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proximodistal

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near to far

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age of viability

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the age (about 22 weeks) after conception at which a fetus may survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available

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apgar scale

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a quick assessment of a newborn's health

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what is included in apgar scale?

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color

heart rate

reflexes

muscle tone

respiratory effort

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how is apgar scored?

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score of 0, 1, or 2 given at one minute after birth and again at 5 minutes after birth

maximum of 10

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cesarean section (c-section)

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a surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and the uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina

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doula

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a woman who helps with the birth process. traditionally in latin america a doula was the only professional who attended childbirth. now doulas are likely to arrive at the woman's home during early labor and later work alongside a hospital's staff

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teratogens

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agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death

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behavioural teratogens

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agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning

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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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a cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial features, slow physical growth, and retarded mental development, that may occur in the child of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant

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low birth weight (LBW)

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a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 lbs

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very low birth weight (VLBW)

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a body weight at birth of less than 3 lbs 5 oz

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extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

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a body weight at birth of less than 2 lbs 3 oz

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preterm

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a birth that occurs 2 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy....that is at 35 or fewer weeks after conception

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small for gestational age (SGA)

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a term for a baby whose birth weight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception

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cerebral palsy

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a disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers. people with cerebral palsy have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and/or body movements are impaired

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anoxia

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a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death

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brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)

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a test often administered to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes

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reflex

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an unlearned, involuntary action or movement that responds to a stimulus. a reflex occurs without conscious thought

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three sets of reflexes that aid survival

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1. breathing reflex, sneezing, hiccups

2. maintain constant body temp, shivering, cry, tuck in legs, when hot stop movement

3. manage feeding, sucking reflex, rooting reflex, swallowing

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babinski reflex

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when feet are stroked the toes fan upward

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stepping reflex

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when held upright, feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk

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swimming reflex

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when held horizontally on their stomachs, they stretch out their arms and legs

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palmar grasping reflex

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when something touches palms, they grip it tightly

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moro reflex

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when someone bangs on the table they are lying on, they fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests crying with wide-open eyes

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immigration paradox

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although immigrants are poorer with less adequate prenatal care, they have healthier newborns than native-born mothers of the same ethnic background

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couvade

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symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

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parental alliance

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cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual commitment to their children. in a parental alliance, the parents support each other in their shared parental roles

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postpartum depression

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a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth

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parent-infant bonding

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the strong loving connection that forms as parents hold examine and feed their newborn

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kangaroo care

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a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest the baby between their breasts like a kangaroo that carries her immature new born in a pouch on her abdomen