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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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denotative meaning
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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
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connotative meaning
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the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
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thesaurus
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a book of synonyms
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Concrete words
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words that refer to tangible objects
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Abstract words
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words that refer tyo ideas or concepts
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Clutter
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Discourse tht takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
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Imagery
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the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects actions or ideas
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Simile
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an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like or as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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Cliche
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a trite or overused expression
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Metaphor
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an implicit comparison, not using like or as, between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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Rhythm
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the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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Parallelism
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the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
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Repetition
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reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
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Alliteration
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repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
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Antithesis
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the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
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Inclusive language
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language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
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Generic "he"
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the use of "he" to refer to both women and men
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Nonverbal communication
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communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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Manuscript speech
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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Impromptu speech
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a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
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Extemporaneous speech
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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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Conversational quality
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presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
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Volume
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the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
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Pitch
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the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
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Inflections
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Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
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Monotone
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A constant pitch or tone of voice
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Rate
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the speed at which a person speaks
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Pause
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a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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Vocalized speech
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a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" or "um"
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Vocal variety
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Changes in the speakers rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
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Pronunciation
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the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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Articulation
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the physical production of particular speech sounds
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Dialect
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A variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
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Kinesics
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the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
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Gestures
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motions of a speaker's hands or arms oduring a speech
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Eye contact
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Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
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Model
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an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail
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Graph
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a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
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Line graph
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a graph that uses one of more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space
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Pie graph
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a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
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Chart
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a visual aid that summarizes a large block of info usually in list form
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Transparency
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a visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector
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Multimedia presentation
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a speech that combines several kinds of visual aids and/or audio aids in the same talk
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Font
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a complete set of type of the same design
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serif font
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a typeface with rounded edges on the letters
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Sans-serif font
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a typeface with straight edges on the letters
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Animation
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the way objects entyer or exit a Powerpoint slide
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Fair use
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a provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational pruposes
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Informative speech
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a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
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Object
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anything that is visible tangible and stable in form
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Process
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a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result of product
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Event
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Anything that happens or is regarded as happening
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Concept
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a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
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Description
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a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
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Comparison
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a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, or the like
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Contrast
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a statement of the differences among two people, events, ideas
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Personalize
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to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
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Persuasion
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the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
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Mental dialogue with the audience
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the mental give-and-take between the speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
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Target audience
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the portion of whole audience that speaker most wants to persuade
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Question of fact
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a question about the truth of falsity of an assertion
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Question of value
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a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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Question of policy
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a question about whether a specific sourse of action should or should not be taken
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Speech to gain Passive agreement
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given polict is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
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Speech to gain immediate action
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a persuasive speech in whioch the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
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Need
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the first basic issue in analyzing a question policy; Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from the current policy
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Burden of proof
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the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
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Plan
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the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with the current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem
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Practicality
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the thrird basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speakers plan solve the problem? Will it create more and more serious problems?
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Problem-solution oder
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a method of roganizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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Problem-cause-solution order
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1. Identify problem
2. Identify Cause 3. Propose solution |
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Comparative advantages order
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a method organizing persuasive in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to the other proposed solutions
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Monroe's Motivated Sequence
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a method organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action
Five steps 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action |
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Ethos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communications refer to as credibility
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Credibility
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the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two factors influencing are competence and character
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Initial credibilty
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the credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak
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Derived credibility
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the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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Terminal credibility
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the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech
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Creating common ground
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a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
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Evidence
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Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
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Logos
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the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. Two elements are evidence and reasoning
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Reasoning
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the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
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Reasoning from specific instances
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Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
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Hasty generalization
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an error in reasoning from specific instances, in whcih a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
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Reasoning from Principle
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Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
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Casual reasoning
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Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
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False cause
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an error in casual reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
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Analogical reasoning
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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
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Invalid analogy
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an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
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Fallacy
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An error in reasoning
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Red herring
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a fallacy that introduces an irrelevent issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
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Ad hominem
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a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
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Either-or
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A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
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Bandwagon
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a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
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Slippery slope
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a fallacy that assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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Pathos
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the name by Aristotle for emotional appeal
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