The Abdomen

Front 1

aerophagia -

Back 1

swallowing air

Front 2

patient presents with early satiety, possible diagnosis?

Back 2

gastroparesia, antichoinergic drugs, gastric outlet obstruction, gastric cancer; early satiety in hepatitis

Front 3

patient complains of vomitting have a fecal odor, possible diagnosis?

Back 3

small bowel obstruction or gastrocolic fistula

Front 4

patient presents with brownish or blackish wovmitus with a coffee-ground appearance, diagnosis?

Back 4

hematemesis - blood altered by gastric acid, in duodenal or peptic ulcer, esophageal or gastric varices, gastritis

Front 5

what symptoms presents if blood loss exceeds 500ml?

Back 5

lightheadedness or syncope, also depends on the rate

Front 6

patient presents with a sharp burning pain on swallowing, diagnosis?

Back 6

mucosal inflammation

Front 7

patient presents with a squeezing, cramping pain while swallowing, diagnosis?

Back 7

muscular causes of odynophagia

Front 8

patient presents with thin pencil like stool, diagnosis?

Back 8

obstruction: apple-core lesion of the sigmoid colon

Front 9

obstipation -

Back 9

complete constipation with no passage of either feces or gas

Front 10

patient presents with consistently large diarrheal stools, possible diagnosis?

Back 10

often in small bowel or proximal colon disorders;

Front 11

patient presents with small frequent stools with urgency of defecation, diagnosis?

Back 11

left colon or rectal disorders

Front 12

patient presents with large yellowish or gray greasy foulsmelling stools, diagnosis?

Back 12

steatorrhea

Front 13

patient presents with nocturnal diarrhea, diagnosis?

Back 13

pathophysiologica cause

Front 14

tenesmus -

Back 14

straining but little or no result, relief

Front 15

patient presents with increased unconjugated bilirubin, possible diagnosis?

Back 15

increased production of bilirubin, decreased uptake of bilirubin by the hepatocytes, decreased ability of the liver to conjugate bilirubin

Front 16

patient presents with increased conjugated bilirubin, diagnosis?

Back 16

impaired excretion of conjugated bilirubin in viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, drug induced cholestasis, as from oral contraceptives, methyl testosterone, chlorpromazine

Front 17

Patient presents with decreased ability of the liver to conjugate bilirubin, diagnosis?

Back 17

Gilbert's syndrome

Front 18

patient presents with increased production of bilirubin, diagnosis?

Back 18

hemolytic anemia

Front 19

patient presents with intrahepatic jaundice, possible causes?

Back 19

hepatocellular - from damage to the hepatocytes, or cholestatic, from impaired excretion as a result of damaged hepatocytes or intrahepatic bile ducts

Front 20

patient presents with extrahepatic jaundice, diagnosis?

Back 20

obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts, most commonly the cystic and common bile ducts

Front 21

patient presents with dark yellowish brown or tea color urine, diagnosis?

Back 21

impaired excretion of bilirubin into the gastrointestinal tract

Front 22

Patient presents with gray or light colored stools, diagnosis?

Back 22

when excretion of bile into the intestine is completely obstructed,

Front 23

acholic -

Back 23

gray or light colored stools, when there is no bile secreted

Front 24

patient presents with RUQ itching, and pain, without obvious cause, diagnosis?

Back 24

cholestatic or obstructive jaundice, pain from distended liver capsule, biliary cholic, pancreatic cancer

Front 25

hepatitis A infectious pathway?

Back 25

contaiminated water or foodstuffs

Front 26

hepatitis B infectious pathway?

Back 26

sexual contact

Front 27

hepatitis C infectious pathway?

Back 27

blood transfusion, intravenous illicit drug use

Front 28

male patient presents with painful urination without frequency or urgency, diagnosis?

Back 28

urethritis

Front 29

what is the difference between frequency and polyuria?

Back 29

polyuria - overproduction of urine, and probably increased frequency

frequency - going a lot but with little to normal flow

Front 30

patient presents with inability to hold the urine once an urge hits, diagnosis?

Back 30

urge incontinence from detrusor overactivity

Front 31

patient presents with dark yellowish brown or tea color urine, diagnosis?

Back 31

impaired excretion of bilirubin into the gastrointestinal tract

Front 32

Patient presents with gray or light colored stools, diagnosis?

Back 32

when excretion of bile into the intestine is completely obstructed,

Front 33

acholic -

Back 33

gray or light colored stools, when there is no bile secreted

Front 34

patient presents with RUQ itching, and pain, without obvious cause, diagnosis?

Back 34

cholestatic or obstructive jaundice, pain from distended liver capsule, biliary cholic, pancreatic cancer

Front 35

hepatitis A infectious pathway?

Back 35

contaiminated water or foodstuffs

Front 36

hepatitis B infectious pathway?

Back 36

sexual contact

Front 37

hepatitis C infectious pathway?

Back 37

blood transfusion, intravenous illicit drug use

Front 38

male patient presents with painful urination without frequency or urgency, diagnosis?

Back 38

urethritis

Front 39

what is the difference between frequency and polyuria?

Back 39

polyuria - overproduction of urine, and probably increased frequency

frequency - going a lot but with little to normal flow

Front 40

patient presents with inability to hold the urine once an urge hits, diagnosis?

Back 40

urge incontinence from detrusor overactivity

Front 41

patient presents with dark yellowish brown or tea color urine, diagnosis?

Back 41

impaired excretion of bilirubin into the gastrointestinal tract

Front 42

Patient presents with gray or light colored stools, diagnosis?

Back 42

when excretion of bile into the intestine is completely obstructed,

Front 43

acholic -

Back 43

gray or light colored stools, when there is no bile secreted

Front 44

patient presents with RUQ itching, and pain, without obvious cause, diagnosis?

Back 44

cholestatic or obstructive jaundice, pain from distended liver capsule, biliary cholic, pancreatic cancer

Front 45

hepatitis A infectious pathway?

Back 45

contaiminated water or foodstuffs

Front 46

hepatitis B infectious pathway?

Back 46

sexual contact

Front 47

hepatitis C infectious pathway?

Back 47

blood transfusion, intravenous illicit drug use

Front 48

male patient presents with painful urination without frequency or urgency, diagnosis?

Back 48

urethritis

Front 49

what is the difference between frequency and polyuria?

Back 49

polyuria - overproduction of urine, and probably increased frequency

frequency - going a lot but with little to normal flow

Front 50

patient presents with inability to hold the urine once an urge hits, diagnosis?

Back 50

urge incontinence from detrusor overactivity

Front 51

patient presents with dark yellowish brown or tea color urine, diagnosis?

Back 51

impaired excretion of bilirubin into the gastrointestinal tract

Front 52

Patient presents with gray or light colored stools, diagnosis?

Back 52

when excretion of bile into the intestine is completely obstructed,

Front 53

acholic -

Back 53

gray or light colored stools, when there is no bile secreted

Front 54

patient presents with RUQ itching, and pain, without obvious cause, diagnosis?

Back 54

cholestatic or obstructive jaundice, pain from distended liver capsule, biliary cholic, pancreatic cancer

Front 55

hepatitis A infectious pathway?

Back 55

contaiminated water or foodstuffs

Front 56

hepatitis B infectious pathway?

Back 56

sexual contact

Front 57

hepatitis C infectious pathway?

Back 57

blood transfusion, intravenous illicit drug use

Front 58

male patient presents with painful urination without frequency or urgency, diagnosis?

Back 58

urethritis

Front 59

what is the difference between frequency and polyuria?

Back 59

polyuria - overproduction of urine, and probably increased frequency

frequency - going a lot but with little to normal flow

Front 60

patient presents with inability to hold the urine once an urge hits, diagnosis?

Back 60

urge incontinence from detrusor overactivity

Front 61

Patient presents with inability to empty the bladder until bladder pressure exceeds urethral pressure, diagnosis?

Back 61

overflow incontinence, from obstruction or neurological damage

Front 62

patient presents with dull aching pain in the flank, possible diagnosis?

Back 62

acute pyelonephritis

Front 63

patient presents with severe colicky pain originating at the costovertebral angle and radiating around the trunk into the lower quadrant of the abdomen, diagnosis?

Back 63

sudden obstruction of the ereter, or by urinary stones or blood clots,: renal or ureteral colic

Front 64

what is risky drinking for women?

Back 64

more then 7 drinks per week or more than 3 drinks per occasion

Front 65

what is risky drinking for men?

Back 65

more than 14 drinks per week or more than 4 drinks per occasion

Front 66

what does the FRAMES model for brief intervention for alcoholics stand for?

Back 66

Feedback based on thorough assessment; responsibilty; advice on behavior change; a menu of options for making change; empathy about the difficulty of changing; support for Self=efficacy in achieving change

Front 67

what are the colon cancer screenings recommended?

Back 67

Fecal occult blood test annually

flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years

annual FOBT plus flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years

double-contrast barium enema every 5 years

colonoscopy every 10 years

Front 68

patient presents with pink-purple striae on their abdomen, diagnosis?

Back 68

cushing's syndrome

Front 69

patient presents with dilated veins on their abdomen, diagnosis?

Back 69

hepatic cirrhosis or inferior vena vaca obstruction

Front 70

patient presents with bulging flanks, diagnosis?

Back 70

ascites

Front 71

Patient presents with increased pulsations of their abdomen, diagnosis?

Back 71

aortic aneurysm

Front 72

borborygmi-

Back 72

long prolonged gurgles of hyperperistalsis - the familliar stomach growling

Front 73

long time HBP patient presents with bruit in RUQ, diagnosis?

Back 73

renal artery stenosis

Front 74

patient presents with friction rubs over the liver, possible diagnosis?

Back 74

liver tumor or gonococcal infection aroudn the liver

Front 75

patient presents with protuberant abdomen that is tympanitic throughout, diagnosis?

Back 75

intestinal obstruction

Front 76

situs inversus -

Back 76

organs are reversed

Front 77

patient presents withinvoluntary rigidity of the abdominal muscles, diagnosis?

Back 77

peritoneal inflammation

Front 78

what are the 5 ways to categorize abdominal masses?

Back 78

physiologic - prgnant
inflammatory - diverticulitis
vascular - aneurysm
neoplastic
obstructivve - distended bladder or dilated loop of bowel

Front 79

patient presents with rebound tenderness, diagnosis?

Back 79

peritoneal inflammation

Front 80

perforated hollow viscus -

Back 80

free air is present below the diaphragm

Front 81

fulminant hepatitis -

Back 81

acute liver failure

Front 82

patient presents with liver dullness displaced downward, diagnosis?

Back 82

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causing a low diaphragm

Front 83

what are the normal liver sizes at the right midclavicular line and then at the midsternal ine?

Back 83

6-12 cm in the right midclavicular line and then 4-8 cm in the midsternal line

Front 84

patient presents with an oval mass below the edge of the liver, diagnosis?

Back 84

distended gall bladder

Front 85

where is the traube's space?

Back 85

left lower anterior chest wall, between lung resonance above and the costal margin below, SPOT FOR THE SPLEEN

Front 86

patient presents with dullness in the traube's space, diagnosis?

Back 86

splenomegaly

Front 87

Patient presents with a change from tympanic to dullness on inspiration in the traube's space, diagnosis?

Back 87

splenic enlargement, this is a positive splenic percussion sign

Front 88

patient presents with bilateral enlargement of kidneys, diagnosis?

Back 88

polycystic kidney disease

Front 89

patient presents with right sided rectal tenderness, diagnosis possibilities?

Back 89

inflamed adnexa (injury of the skin) or an inflamed seminal vesicle, or by an inflamed appendix

Front 90

What is a positive rovsing's sign and what does this indicate?

Back 90

pain int he right lower quadrant during left sided pressure suggests appendicitis, and a positive rovsing's sign

Front 91

What is a positive psoas sign, and what does this suggest?

Back 91

increased abdominal pain on either raising the thigh against your hand, or while laying on left side rotate the leg internally at the hip, this is suggesting irritation of the obturator muscle by an inflamed appendix

Front 92

what is a positive cutaneous hyperesthesia sign and what does it indicate?

Back 92

localized pain with gently picking up a fold of skin going down the abdomin, this is indicative of appendicitis, this under normal conditions shouldn't hurt

Front 93

What is a positive murphy's sign? and what does it indicate?

Back 93

a sharp increase in tenderness with a sudden stop in inspiratory effort constitutes a positive murphy's sign of acute cholecystitis, hepatic tenderness may also increase with adding a hooked left thumb or the fingers of your right hand under the costal margin at the point where the lateral border of the rectus muscle intersects with the costal margin

Front 94

how do you tell the difference between an abdominal wall mass and an intraabdominal mass?

Back 94

a mass int eh abdominal wall remains palpable; an intra abdominal mass is obscured by muscular contraction

Front 95

pain in the epigastric region is indicative of?

Back 95

pancreatitis

Front 96

patient presents with pain in the epigastric or RUQ may radiate to the right scapul and shoulders, diagnosis?

Back 96

biliary colic

Front 97

RUQ or upper abdominal; may radiate to the right scapular area, diagnosis?

Back 97

acut cholecystitis

Front 98

pain in the left lower quadrant, diagnosis?

Back 98

acute diverticulitis

Front 99

patient presents with periumbilical pain that then turns diffuse, diagnosis?

Back 99

mesenteric ischemia

Front 100

patient presents with epigastric pain radiating to the back that wakes them up at night and has occured intermittently over a few weeks, then disappears for month and then rcurs, diagnosis?

Back 100

duodenal ulcer

Front 101

Patient presents with epigastric pain, that is persistent and slowly progressive and is NOT relieved by food or antacids, diagnosis?

Back 101

cancer of the stomach

Front 102

Patient presents with a long history of heartburn and regurgitation, and now has difficulty swallowing solid foods, diagnosis?

Back 102

esophageal stricture

Front 103

patient presents with pain in the chest and back and weight loss, with difficulty swallowing solid foods progessing to difficulty swallowing liquids, diagnosis?

Back 103

esophageal cnacer

Front 104

chest pain that mimics angina pectoris or myocardial infarction and lasts minutes to hours, diagnosis?

Back 104

diffuse esophageal spasm

Front 105

patient presents with regurgitation at night when lying down, with nocturnal cough, and chest pain precipitated by eating, diagnosis?

Back 105

achalasia

Front 106

scleroderma -

Back 106

Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis (or hardening), vascular alterations, and autoantibodies

Front 107

achalasia -

Back 107

is an esophageal motility disorder: The smooth muscle layer of the esophagus loses normal peristalsis (muscular ability to move food down the esophagus), and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax properly in response to swallowing

Front 108

debilitated patient presents with rectal fullness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, diagnosis?

Back 108

fecal impaction - a large, firm immovable fecal mass, most often in the rectum

Front 109

patient presents with currant jelly stools (red blood and mucus), diagnosis?

Back 109

intussesception

Front 110

watery diarrhea without blood, pus, or mucus - diagnosis and causes?

Back 110

secretory infections: staph aureus, c. perfringens, e. coli, vibrio cholerae, cryptosporidium, giardia lamblia

Front 111

patient presents with loose to watery diarrhea with blood pus or mucus positive, diagnosis and causes?

Back 111

inlammatory infections: nontyphoid salmonella, shigella, yersinia, campylobacter, enteropathic e coli, entamoeba histolytica

Front 112

patient presents with bulky, soft, light yellow to gray, mushy, greasy or oils, and sometimes frothy; particularly foul smelling; diarrhea, diagnosis and causes?

Back 112

voluminous diarrheas: malabsorption syndromes - pancreatic insufficiency, bile salt deficiency, bacterial overgrowth

Front 113

mallory weiss tear -

Back 113

a mucosal tear in the esophagus due to the retching and vomiting, can cause melena

Front 114

patient presents with red blood in the stools, possible causes?

Back 114

cancer of the colon, benign polyps, diverticula of the colon, inflammatory conditions: UC< Crohn's, infectious dysenteries, proctitis, ischemic colitis, hemorrhoids, anal fissure

Front 115

patient presents with increased frequency, weakness, and paralysis, diagnosis?

Back 115

decreased cortical inhibition of bladder contractions, could be post stroke,

Front 116

patient presents with nocturia with high volumes, possible diagnosis?

Back 116

chronic renal insufficiency, alcohol, coffee, Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis ascities, chronic venous insufficiency

Front 117

patient presents with polyuria, polydispia, and often severe and persistent nocturia, diagnosis?

Back 117

deficiency of antidiuretic hormone - diabetes insipidus

number of kidney diseases, including hypercalcemic and hypokalemic nephropathy, drug toxicity, and form lithium

Front 118

patient presents with a midline ridge when the patient raises head and shouldrs, diagnosis?

Back 118

diastasis recti - separation of the two retuc abdominis muscles through which abdominal contents come out

Front 119

patient presents with a small midline protrusion through a defect int eh linea alba between the xiphoid process and th umbiliuc, diagnosis?

Back 119

epigastric hernia

Front 120

watery diarrhea without blood, pus, or mucus - diagnosis and causes?

Back 120

secretory infections: staph aureus, c. perfringens, e. coli, vibrio cholerae, cryptosporidium, giardia lamblia

Front 121

patient presents with loose to watery diarrhea with blood pus or mucus positive, diagnosis and causes?

Back 121

inlammatory infections: nontyphoid salmonella, shigella, yersinia, campylobacter, enteropathic e coli, entamoeba histolytica

Front 122

patient presents with bulky, soft, light yellow to gray, mushy, greasy or oils, and sometimes frothy; particularly foul smelling; diarrhea, diagnosis and causes?

Back 122

voluminous diarrheas: malabsorption syndromes - pancreatic insufficiency, bile salt deficiency, bacterial overgrowth

Front 123

mallory weiss tear -

Back 123

a mucosal tear in the esophagus due to the retching and vomiting, can cause melena

Front 124

patient presents with red blood in the stools, possible causes?

Back 124

cancer of the colon, benign polyps, diverticula of the colon, inflammatory conditions: UC< Crohn's, infectious dysenteries, proctitis, ischemic colitis, hemorrhoids, anal fissure

Front 125

patient presents with increased frequency, weakness, and paralysis, diagnosis?

Back 125

decreased cortical inhibition of bladder contractions, could be post stroke,

Front 126

patient presents with nocturia with high volumes, possible diagnosis?

Back 126

chronic renal insufficiency, alcohol, coffee, Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis ascities, chronic venous insufficiency

Front 127

patient presents with polyuria, polydispia, and often severe and persistent nocturia, diagnosis?

Back 127

deficiency of antidiuretic hormone - diabetes insipidus

number of kidney diseases, including hypercalcemic and hypokalemic nephropathy, drug toxicity, and form lithium

Front 128

patient presents with a midline ridge when the patient raises head and shouldrs, diagnosis?

Back 128

diastasis recti - separation of the two retuc abdominis muscles through which abdominal contents come out

Front 129

watery diarrhea without blood, pus, or mucus - diagnosis and causes?

Back 129

secretory infections: staph aureus, c. perfringens, e. coli, vibrio cholerae, cryptosporidium, giardia lamblia

Front 130

patient presents with a small midline protrusion through a defect int eh linea alba between the xiphoid process and th umbiliuc, diagnosis?

Back 130

epigastric hernia

Front 131

patient presents with loose to watery diarrhea with blood pus or mucus positive, diagnosis and causes?

Back 131

inlammatory infections: nontyphoid salmonella, shigella, yersinia, campylobacter, enteropathic e coli, entamoeba histolytica

Front 132

patient presents with bulky, soft, light yellow to gray, mushy, greasy or oils, and sometimes frothy; particularly foul smelling; diarrhea, diagnosis and causes?

Back 132

voluminous diarrheas: malabsorption syndromes - pancreatic insufficiency, bile salt deficiency, bacterial overgrowth

Front 133

mallory weiss tear -

Back 133

a mucosal tear in the esophagus due to the retching and vomiting, can cause melena

Front 134

patient presents with red blood in the stools, possible causes?

Back 134

cancer of the colon, benign polyps, diverticula of the colon, inflammatory conditions: UC< Crohn's, infectious dysenteries, proctitis, ischemic colitis, hemorrhoids, anal fissure

Front 135

patient presents with increased frequency, weakness, and paralysis, diagnosis?

Back 135

decreased cortical inhibition of bladder contractions, could be post stroke,

Front 136

patient presents with nocturia with high volumes, possible diagnosis?

Back 136

chronic renal insufficiency, alcohol, coffee, Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis ascities, chronic venous insufficiency

Front 137

patient presents with polyuria, polydispia, and often severe and persistent nocturia, diagnosis?

Back 137

deficiency of antidiuretic hormone - diabetes insipidus

number of kidney diseases, including hypercalcemic and hypokalemic nephropathy, drug toxicity, and form lithium

Front 138

patient presents with a midline ridge when the patient raises head and shouldrs, diagnosis?

Back 138

diastasis recti - separation of the two retuc abdominis muscles through which abdominal contents come out

Front 139

patient presents with a small midline protrusion through a defect int eh linea alba between the xiphoid process and th umbiliuc, diagnosis?

Back 139

epigastric hernia

Front 140

patient presents with benign fatty tumors in the subcutaneous tissues in the abdominal wall, diagnossi?

Back 140

lipoma

Front 141

patient presents with an apron of fatty tissue extending below the inguinal ligaments, diagnosis?

Back 141

pannus

Front 142

adynamic ileus -

Back 142

paralytic ileus from gas obstruction

Front 143

potential causes of abdominal tumors?

Back 143

ovarian tumors and uterine myomata

Front 144

patient presents with increased bowel sounds -->

Back 144

diarrhea or early intestinal obstruction

Front 145

patient presents with decreased then absent bowel sounds -->

Back 145

adynamic ileus and peritonitis

Front 146

patient presents with high-pitched tinkling sounds, diagnossi?

Back 146

intestinal fluid and air under tension in a dilated bowel,

Front 147

patient presents with rushes of high-pitched sounds coinciding with an abdominal cramp, diagnosis?

Back 147

intestinal obstruction

Front 148

patient presents with hepatic bruit, diagnosis?

Back 148

carcinoma of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis

Front 149

patient presents with benign fatty tumors in the subcutaneous tissues in the abdominal wall, diagnossi?

Back 149

lipoma

Front 150

patient presents with an apron of fatty tissue extending below the inguinal ligaments, diagnosis?

Back 150

pannus

Front 151

adynamic ileus -

Back 151

paralytic ileus from gas obstruction

Front 152

potential causes of abdominal tumors?

Back 152

ovarian tumors and uterine myomata

Front 153

patient presents with increased bowel sounds -->

Back 153

diarrhea or early intestinal obstruction

Front 154

patient presents with decreased then absent bowel sounds -->

Back 154

adynamic ileus and peritonitis

Front 155

patient presents with high-pitched tinkling sounds, diagnossi?

Back 155

intestinal fluid and air under tension in a dilated bowel,

Front 156

patient presents with rushes of high-pitched sounds coinciding with an abdominal cramp, diagnosis?

Back 156

intestinal obstruction

Front 157

patient presents with hepatic bruit, diagnosis?

Back 157

carcinoma of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis

Front 158

patient presents with a venous hum, diagnosis?

Back 158

indicates increased collateral circulation between portal and systemic venous systems as in hepatic cirrhosis

Front 159

female patient presents with bilateral tenderness maximally localized just above the inguinal ligaments, diagnosis?

Back 159

acute salpingitis - inflammation of the fallopian tubes

Front 160

patient presents with pain in the lower left quadrant, mimicing a "left-sided" appendicitis, diagnosis?

Back 160

acute diverticulitis - most often involving the sigmoid colon