The 13Th Amendment To Calvin Coolidge

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13th Amendment

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(1865)Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

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14th Amendment

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(1868)Protects rights against state infringements, defines citizenship, prohibits states from interfering with privileges and immunities, requires due process and equal protection, punishes states for denying vote, and disqualifies Confederate officials and debts.

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14 Points

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Proposed by Woodrow Wilson in 1918. They:
1. no secret treaties among nations
2. freedom of the seas for all
3. promote free trade
4.reduce weapons to low levels
5. less imperialism
6-13. boundary changes
14. forming league of nations

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15th Amendemento!

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Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

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16th Amendemento!

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1913 - It authorized Congress to levy an income tax.

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17th Amendemento!

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1913 - 17th Amendment gave the power to elect senators to the people. Senators had previously been appointed by the legislatures of their states.

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19th Amendemanto!

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1920 - 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

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26th Amendemento

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1971 - Lowered voting age to 18.

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3 R's

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"Relief, recovery, reform." FDR's plan to bring about the recovery of the United States after the Great Depression.

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AAA

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Agricultural Adjustment Act - restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again.

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A.I.M

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AIM—the American Indian Movement—began in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the summer of 1968.

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John Adams

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Second President of the United States (1797–1801), first Vice President. He was a Federalist. Important events under Adams: XYZ Affair, Alien & Sedition Acts, built up the U.S. Navy, fought the Quasi War with France, ended war with France through diplomacy, appointed John Marshall to Supreme Court.

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Sam Adams

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He was opposed to the Constitution until the Bill of Rights was added

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Jane Addams

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A founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement. Co-founded the Hull House.

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Albany Plan

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Proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York. It was an early attempt at forming a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes" during the French and Indian War.

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Alien & Sedition Acts

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These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

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Antietam

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Fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek. It was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. 23,000 casualties.

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Chester A. Arthur

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Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

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Articles of Confederation

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The Continental Congress wrote the Articles of Confederation during the Revolutionary War. The articles were written to give the colonies some sense of a unified government. Once the thirteen colonies became the thirteen states, however, each one began to act alone in its own best interest. A new governing document was needed in order for these new states to act together, to become a nation.

The Articles of Confederation became effective on March 1, 1781, after all thirteen states had ratified them. The Articles made the states and legislature supreme. There was no executive branch. Judicial functions were very limited.

The resulting government was weak. Efforts to make it stronger failed. A convention called in May 1787 to re-write the Articles decided to draft an entirely new Constitution.

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Atlantic Charter

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August 12-14 1941. The Atlantic Charter was the product of the Atlantic Conference, which was an historic meeting between President Franklin D.Roosevelt and British Prime Mister Winston Churchill. The two leaders and their staffs discussed the general strategy of the war against the Axis Powers

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Stephen Austin

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(born 1793, Austinville, Va., U.S. — died 1836, Austin, Texas) U.S. founder of the first legal colony of English-speaking people in Texas when it was still part of Mexico.

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Axis Powers

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Com'n. U know.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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Bacon's Rebellion, popular revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon. High taxes, low prices for tobacco, and resentment against special privileges given those close to the governor, Sir William Berkeley, provided the background for the uprising, which was precipitated by Berkeley's failure to defend the frontier against attacks by Native Americans.

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Ida B. Wells Barnett

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Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. Womanan! Poppy

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Battle of Saratoga

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The Battle of Saratoga in September of 1777 was a major victory for the American forces and a turning point of the war.

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Bay of Pigs

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The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

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Berlin Airlift

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Berlin airlift, 1948–49, supply of vital necessities to West Berlin by air transport primarily under U.S. auspices. It was initiated in response to a land and water blockade of the city that had been instituted by the Soviet Union in the hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West Berlin.

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Nicholas Biddle

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President of the Bank of the United States before it was dissolved by Andrew Jackson, child genius, and prominent Philadelphia lawyer.

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Big Stick Diplomacy

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Policy named by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt to describe the assertion of U.S. dominance as a moral imperative. It was taken from an African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."

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Bimetalism

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Monetary standard or system based upon the use of two metals, traditionally gold and silver, rather than one (monometallism).

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Black Panthers

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In October 1966 Bobby Seale and Huey Newton formed the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Oakland, California. The Black Panthers were initially formed to protect local communities from police brutality and racism.

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Blitzkrieg

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In German, Blitzkrieg means lightning war (Blitz-Krieg). Blitzkrieg was named so because it included surprise attacks, "Lighting fast" rapid advances into enemy territory, with coordinated massive air attacks, which struck and shocked the enemy as if it was struck by lightning. The German military in World War 2 achieved most of its great victories with the Blitzkrieg tactic.

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Louis Brandeis

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Lawyer and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1916–39) who was the first Jew to sit on the high court.

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Brinkmanship

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The art or practice of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the limit of safety especially to force a desired outcome

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Brown v. Board of Ed. Topeka

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On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court announced its decision that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The decision effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in Kansas and 20 other states with segregated classrooms.

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William Jennings Bryan

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The American lawyer, orator, editor, and politician William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) was the Democratic party's presidential nominee three times and became secretary of state. Called the "Great Commoner," Bryan advocated an agrarian democracy.

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Aaron Burr

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Politician who tied with Thomas Jefferson, resulting in run-off election that led to twelfth amendment. Became vice-president and later ran for governor of NY as a Federalist. He had a series of disagreements with Alexander Hamilton which resulted in duel in which Hamilton was killed. He is also notable for (unsuccessfully) plotting to turn the Louisiana territory into an independent nation.

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C.O.R.E

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The Congress of Racial Equality is a U.S. civil rights organization that originally played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.

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John C. Calhoun

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John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782-March 31, 1850) was a United States representative, senator, secretary of war, secretary of state, and vice president. A political sparring partner to John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay, Calhoun is best remembered for the rallying cries of "states' rights" and "nullification," both of which he invoked to support his steadfast opposition to tariffs on manufactures and his defense of slavery.

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Al Capone

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Alphonse Capone was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.

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Andrew Carnegie

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Rags to Riches. Took over western railroads. Vertical integration of Steel. Very, really, very Rich. Philanthrpoist, he was.

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Rachel Carson

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Author of Silent Spring, the book that spearheaded the modern environmental movement.

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George Catlin

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The American painter George Catlin (1796-1872) made the most extensive and important record of life among Native Americans in North America through his drawings, paintings, and writings.

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CCC

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Civilan Conservation Corps- hired jobless people from cities to work in national parks, forests, and the country to plant trees, create parks, and build canals. Part of F.D.R's New Deal.

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Charlie Chaplin

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Actor with a Hitler mustache.

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Cesar Chavez

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(1927 - 1993) A Mexican-American labor leader who used non-violent methods to fight for the rights of migrant farm workers in the southwestern USA. He founded and led the first successful farm workers' union in U.S. history.

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Winston Chuchill

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Churchill was a politician and wartime prime minister who led Britain to victory in World War II.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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A landmark piece of legislation in the U.S. that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public.

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Henry Clay

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(1777 – 1852)"The Great Compromiser." He was a nineteenth-century American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.

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The Coercive Acts

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The Coercive Acts(Intolerable Acts) closed the ports of Boston until the Leaders paid for the tea that was dumped into the harbor by the Sons of Liberty in 1773.

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Committee of Correspondence

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A committee created in massachusetts in the 1760s to help towns and colonies share information about fighting against the new british laws.

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Common Sense

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Written by Thomas Paine in 1776 it challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

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Compromise of 1833

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The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was delivered by Henery Clay in order to decrease gradually the tariff imposed on the manufactured goods coming from the north. This was the resolution to the Nullification Crisis.

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Compromise of 1850

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Free soil movement (1848) no new slave territories. Regarding new territories gained by Mexican- American War, CA free New mexico, arizona, Utah slave. Slave trade abolished in DC and fugitive slave law passed

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Compromise of 1877

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Democrats agreed with Hayes winning only if
1. remove federal troops from south
2. let south solve negro problems on their own
3. appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes' cabinet
4. Legislation to help industrialize the South
-some historians saw this as the end of reconstruction

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Connecticut Compromise

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The basic structure of the Senate and House of Representatives resulted from the Great Compromise of 1787.

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Containment

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Containment was a United States government policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain any further spread of Communism in the world after World War II, with the goal of thereby enhancing America’s security and influence abroad by preventing a "domino effect".

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Calvin Coolidge

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He was the 30th president and he didn't do shit while he was in office.