Textbook Of Basic Nursing Chap 40

Front 1

organisms that are present all of the time in and on the body are said to be

Back 1

endemic

Front 2

the scientific study of microorganisms is

Back 2

microbiology

Front 3

disease producing agents are called

Back 3

pathogens

Front 4

microorganisms that require oxygen

Back 4

aerobes

Front 5

microorganisms that cannot survive in the present of
oxygen

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anaerobes

Front 6

microoganism that can live in either the presence or absence of oxygen

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facultative anaerobes

Front 7

microorganisms that live on or within another living being.

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parasites

Front 8

live off the organic remains of dead plants and animals

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saprophytes

Front 9

all microoganisms require ________ or _________ to grow

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water or moisture

Front 10

microorganisms survive only in environments with a pH that is

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neither too acidic nor too alkaline

Front 11

_______ are used to identify the organism and to determine ways in which to arrest the growth of the pathogen.

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cultures

Front 12

Culture media must start out ________.

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sterile

Front 13

_______________is ordered when infection is suspected or known.

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A culture and sensitivity (C&S) test

Front 14

The C&S test serves the following purposes:

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1. Identifies the pathogenic microorganism
2. Determines which treatment will eliminate the microorganism
3. Monitors the microorganism's response to therapy

Front 15

The culture and sensitivity report will indicate

Back 15

1. the name of the test ordered
2. type of specimen
3. type of report
4. colony count
5. type of microorganism 6.susceptibility testing.
7. the various antibiotics (if any) to which the organism is sensitive.

Front 16

collect specimens for cultures before administering antibiotic therapy. Why?

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Antibiotics can temporarily lower the number of pathogens in the person's bloodstream, masking signs of affection

Front 17

Fungi include ......

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single-celled yeasts and the multicellular molds

Front 18

An infection caused by a fungus is called a _______

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mycosis.

Front 19

Yeasts require ________________ as their food

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sugars in solution

Front 20

____________ those not-typically-disease-causing microorganisms normally found in and on healthy individuals.

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Normal flora

Front 21

An infection caused by a fungus is called a _______.

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mycosis

Front 22

______ grow best at room temperature and with refrigeration and have a musty smell.

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Molds

Front 23

give molds their characteristic color

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Spores

Front 24

One infection caused by molds that infects the lungs is_________

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histoplasmosis

Front 25

_________ are single-celled microorganisms visible under an ordinary laboratory microscope

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Protozoa

Front 26

Although most ______ are nonpathogenic, there are some notable exceptions.

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protozoa

Front 27

______________is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which forms ulcers in the colon and attacks red blood cells.

Back 27

Amoebic dysentery

Front 28

___________is caused by a protozoan known as Plasmodium malariae. It reproduces in the Anopheles mosquito, and the insect then transmits it to people through bites.

Back 28

Malaria

Front 29

_________________ causes vaginal infection in women and urinary tract infection in men. It is often transmitted from an infected individual to an uninfected partner by sexual intercourse.

Back 29

Trichomonas vaginalis

Front 30

The ___________are the most abundant form of life on the planet and were the first cells to appear on earth, approximately 4 billion years ago

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prokaryotes

Front 31

The ____________ of the organism is the structure that either allows a stain (called a Gram's stain) to be retained or not

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cell envelope

Front 32

In _______________, the cell envelope is a thick layer of murein, and it retains the stain, showing a purple color

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gram-positive bacteria

Front 33

In ______________, the murein layer is thin and is surrounded by an outer membrane. In this case, the stain is not retained, and the organism looks pink.

Back 33

gram-negative bacteria

Front 34

________ are fairly long protein filaments on the cell surface (singular: flagellum). They provide the cell with the ability to move by a “swimming” motion called motility or spontaneous movement

Back 34

Flagella

Front 35

A round or spherical bacterium is called a ________

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coccus

Front 36

A rod-shaped bacterium is known as a _________

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bacillus

Front 37

A spiral-shaped bacterium has the name ________

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spirillum

Front 38

To be pathogenic, bacteria must possess the following characteristics

Back 38

1. Ability to colonize and invade the host
2. Ability to resist or endure the antibacterial defenses of the host
3. Ability to form substances that are toxic to the host

Front 39

Neisseria are diplococci in shape and cause _________________

Back 39

gonorrhea, upper respiratory infections, and infectious meningitis

Front 40

The _________________is responsible for suppurative (pus-forming) infections

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bacillus Pseudomonas

Front 41

Rickettsiae are a special form of bacteria. Name their characteristics.

Back 41

1. Some of them are bacilli and others are cocci.
2.
They can grow only within the cell of another organism, the host.
3. are transmitted to people through the bite of an infected insect or tick.
Resulting infections range from mild to fatal.
One form of rickettsiae causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Members of the typhus group cause epidemic and endemic typhus.

Front 42

_____________ are gram-positive bacteria that are always present in the environment and are normal inhabitants of the skin and respiratory tract

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Staphylococci

Front 43

_________________is the most dangerous of this group: it produces poisons called toxins and frequently resists antibiotics. It can be responsible for serious or fatal infections in newborns and postsurgical clients.

Back 43

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 44

___________ are also gram-positive; they are common body inhabitants. Members of this group cause “strep throat,” pneumococcal pneumonia, and scarlet fever

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Streptococci

Front 45

Many gram-positive bacilli form spores, such as those from _______________, one of which causes botulism (a form of food poisoning).

Back 45

the genus Clostridium

Front 46

A respiratory tract infection known as tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the__________. It can also be in other parts of the body. ________________________________

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tubercle bacillus (a rod) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 47

To help prevent the development of drug-resistant bacteria and the spread of disease, you can take several measures.

Back 47

1. Take antibiotics only as prescribed.
2. Take antibiotics for the entire period prescribed, even if symptoms of illness disappear.
3. Do not share antibiotics with others or take their “leftover medications.”
4. To avoid development of resistant strains, discuss the necessity of antibiotics for mild bacterial infections with your healthcare provider.
5. Do not use antibiotics for viral infections.

Front 48

____________________________________________________ is also known as the “superbug.”

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The organism MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
or HA-MRSA (healthcare-associated MRSA)

Front 49

People with MRSA who have not been hospitalized or who have not had an invasive medical procedure within the past year are said to have __________________

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CA-MRSA, or community-associated MRSA.)

Front 50

__________is today's most prevalent nosocomial illness or infection (one originating in a healthcare facility).

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HA-MRSA

Front 51

Most of the cases of _________ involve skin or soft tissue infections, such as an abscess or cellulitis. The major route of transmission is via contaminated hands (of healthcare workers).

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HA-MRSA

Front 52

are protein-covered sacs containing the genetic material of either DNA or ribonucleic acid (RNA) and other organic materials

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Viruses

Front 53

___________ is the most effective means of preventing viral infections such as measles and polio.

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Immunization

Front 54

_______ affect every system and tissue of the body

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Viruses

Front 55

One of the most well-known and deadly viruses is the __________________________________

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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.

Front 56

Microbiologists use the term __________ to describe the specific cause of a disease.

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etiology

Front 57

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is dedicated ________________________

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to the study of pathogens and the control of communicable diseases.

Front 58

The chain of infection contains the following elements:

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1. Pathogenic microorganism
2. Reservoir in which the pathogenic microorganism can live and grow
3. Portal of exit from which the microorganism can leave the reservoir
4. Vehicle to transmit the organism
5. Portal of entry through which the microorganism can enter the host
6. Susceptible host in which the microorganism can find a reservoir

Front 59

__________is any place where a microorganism can survive before moving to a place where it can multiply

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reservoir

Front 60

Transmission of Infectious Disease includes......

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1. Direct or indirect contact
2. Airborne
3. Food-borne
4. Water-borne
5. Vectors
6. Contaminated articles
7. Blood-borne

Front 61

____ is spread through the air; thus, when treating clients you should use ________________

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TB

airborne precautions.

Front 62

A pathogen's strength to cause disease is called its _________

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virulence

Front 63

The first stage in the normal course fo infection is the ..................................

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incubation period, the time from when the pathogen enters the body to the appearance of the first symptoms of illness.

Front 64

Viruses cause disease by

Back 64

by taking over the host cell's metabolism and genetic material and by reproducing in extremely large numbers.

Front 65

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the chain of infection?

Back 65

Performing handwashing

Front 66

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the chain of infection?

Back 66

Reservoir, portal of exit, vehicle of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

Front 67

Why is it vital for nurses to learn about microorganisms?

Back 67

To prevent the spread of diseases

Front 68

Which nursing education measure would be appropriate to help prevent the development of drug-resistant bacteria?

Back 68

Taking antibiotics as prescribed

Front 69

Which of the following organisms can be classified according to physical shape, movement, Gram's stain reaction, and relationship to oxygen?

Back 69

Bacteria