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130 Cards in this Set
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Competency 29 is .. |
The teacher understands and applies knowledge of significant historical events
and developments, multiple historical interpretations and ideas, and relationships between the past, the present, and the future, as defined by the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). |
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History
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Texas teachers must be familiar with “historical |
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Native Americans
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Texas teachers should be able to compare
and contrast various Native American tribes throughout Texas and the Western Hemisphere. Below is a list of the prime attributes of each group. |
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Natives of the Western Hemisphere
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The major Native American groups of the
Western Hemisphere were the Incas, the Mayas, and the Aztecs. The Incan empire stretched from Ecuador to northern Chile. The Aztecs dominated northern Mexico, while the Mayans flourished in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and the Yucatan. Their influence continues today; their positive achievements included the following: • advanced agricultural methods • tribute systems • advanced communication systems • skilled artisans • highly specialized and stratified societies • imperial administration • schools |
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Natives of the United States
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When the Europeans came to America,
about 10 million Native Americans lived in all parts of the United States. All lived off the land and were • hunters • gatherers • farmers They were resourceful in making tools and had advanced skills in: • farming • buffalo hunting • building homes After the introduction of horses (by the Spanish) they also developed advanced horsemanship skills. Many historians count the cooperative governing systems many nations had in place to be among their greatest contributions to modern society. In many parts of America, Native American tribes met on a regular basis to share news, methods, and culture, as well as to make cooperative governmental decisions. None had a system of writing, nor did they have many scientific advances. |
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Texas Natives
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Scientists believe that the earliest Texans
arrived about 11,000 years ago, following herds of mammoth and mastodon. The earliest groups lived in the Gulf Coastal Plains (Caddo, Coahuiltecans, Karankawas) and were hunters, fishers, and farmers. The Plains nations (Tonkawa, Lipan Apache, Comanche, Kiowa) were mostly nomadic, skilled buffalo hunters. The most sedentary tribes (Pueblo, Jumano, Concho, Tigua) occupied the Mountains and Basins region. Contributions from these groups included: Caddo Karankawas Coahuiltecans Lipan Apaches and Comanche Pueblo |
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Caddo
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built the first buildings in
Texas (beehive shaped huts made from wooden frames covered with grass or reeds); also known for advanced farming methods. |
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Karankawas
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created dugout canoes,
small ships carved from the trunks of trees to facilitate their nomadic lifestyle (dependent on fishing) |
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Coahuiltecans
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nomadic hunters and
trappers, enslaved Cabeza de Vaca and other Spanish explorers |
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Lipan Apaches and Comanche
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buffalo
hunters who tamed wild mustangs, becoming skilled horsemen |
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Pueblo
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built elaborate homes and
cities using adobe (sun-dried mud) bricks |
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European Exploration and Colonization
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During the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe
engaged in a strong push for exploration. England, Spain, and France sent explorers to establish colonies in the Americas. • The French claimed lands in Canada, around the Great Lakes, and all along the Mississippi River. • Spain claimed territory that is now Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico, and Central and South America. • England established colonies in the Caribbean, and thirteen colonies along the east coast of America. Colonization had some clearly positive effects, creating communities and trade routes that facilitated cultural exchange. However, these were forged at the expense of the indigenous peoples of the area; their populations were ravaged by displacement, disease, warfare with the Europeans, and enslavement. |
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Reasons for European Exploration
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• To locate a new passage to the Far East
(for trade) • To map uncharted areas • To find treasure (gold, silver, gems, artifacts) • To claim new lands and set up colonies • To convert people to Christianity |
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Columbus
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(1492, 1493, 1498)
• led expeditions to South America for Spain • landed in South America • opened cultural exchange between the east and the west (Columbian exchange) |
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De Pineda
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(1519)
• led first expedition into Texas • explored Gulf Coasts for Spain (Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico) |
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De Vaca
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(1527 -1535)
• Part of a Spanish mission to claim land along the Gulf, he became stranded in Florida when his ships did not return from a supply run to Cuba. • Built rafts and skirted the coast, eventually wrecking near East Island, Louisiana; continued on foot with a slave called Esteban, eventually coming to Texas • Encountered Caddo Indians near Houston; impressed with their sophistication and tales of wealth inland, he mapped and wrote about the area in detail, creating our first written record of America. • His tales of Cibola, a fabled city of gold, greatly influenced subsequent explorers including Coronado and De Soto. |
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Coronado
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(1540-1542)
• Sent by Spain to find fabled city of gold, reported by De Vaca • Traveled much of the Texas Panhandle • First Europeans to see Palo Duro Canyon • Went home empty handed |
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La Salle
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(1682-1685) A French explorer
• Led expedition in 1682 from a French colony in Canada down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming land for France on both sides of the river • In 1684, led another expedition from France to start a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River; sailed past the river and mistakenly landed in Texas • Built the first French colony in Texas, Ft. St. Louis, near Galveston |
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The Thirteen English Colonies
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• In 1607 the first permanent English
colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia. In less than six months, more than half of the settlers had died from disease, starvation, and attacks from Native Americans. • In 1620, Pilgrims (religious dissidents) set up a strict, parochial colony of Puritans in Massachusetts, Plymouth colony. • Roger Williams set up a colony in Rhode Island that advocated religious freedom for all, including Native Americans. • William Penn established a colony for Quakers in Pennsylvania. The Quakers opposed violence, slavery, and war, and advocated religious tolerance for all people. |
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William Bradford
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Second governor of
Plymouth colony; in 1621 he ordered the first Thanksgiving, sharing harvest with the Wampanoag Indians |
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Roger Williams
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banished from
Plymouth colony, advocated religious freedom, established Rhode Island colony |
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John Smith
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Established trade relations
with the Powhatan Indians; bargained for food for the starving Jamestown settlers |
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Pocahontas
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Daughter of the Chief of
the Powhatan Indians; convinced her father to spare John Smith and help the settlers |
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John Rolfe
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member of Jamestown,
began tobacco industry in America; married Pocahontas and brought her to England ensuring peace with the Powhatan Indians |
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Squanto
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A Patuxet Indian who
taught the Plymouth Pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and grow crops, thereby saving the lives of many |
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The Mayflower Compact
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• An agreement written on the Mayflower,
a ship which carried the Pilgrims to America. • This agreement established the governing laws of the new colonies |
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Missions, Presidios, and Early Towns
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After La Salle built a French colony in
Texas, Spain became worried about protecting their claims in Texas. They brought Franciscan monks to build missions – religious settlements in Texas. By 1740, there were more than 20 missions in Texas. Later they added forts called Presidios to protect the missions (and Spain’s territorial claims). Missions were built to: • Solidify Spain’s territorial claims (primary purpose) • Open and protect trade routes • Spread the Christian faith to the Native Americans • Provide a safe center for working and learning |
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The French and Indian War
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The French and Indian War
(1754-1763) This conflict, between British and French colonies, instigated issues between the colonists and England, which eventually led to the American Revolution. During the war, most Native American tribes sided with the French, fearing the British would take their ancestral homelands. The British won. |
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The French and Indian War - Causes
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• Britain and France were at war, causing
conflict between their colonies in America. • The British colonies wanted land owned by the French colonists for fur trading. |
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The French and Indian War - Results
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• France lost the majority of its territory
and power in North America. • England’s land expanded to include all of the French lands east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, which became Spanish territory. • Spain’s holdings expanded to include all of the French territory west of the Mississippi River, and New Orleans. • England tightened its hold on the colonies, restricting freedom and levying large taxes to help offset the costs of the war. |
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The American Revolution
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(1776-1783)
By 1775, tensions were high between England and their American colonists. England had passed laws that prevented colonists from being elected to Parliament; at the same time, Parliament passed many laws that levied taxes on the colonists. Angry colonists called this “taxation without representation,” which became an instigation and a battle-cry for the revolt. For nine years, colonists fought the British with the aid of France. In 1781, British general Cornwallis surrendered to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown. The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. |
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The American Revolution - Causes 1- 3
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• Progressively direct, internal taxes were
levied against the colonists in order to provide support to mother England. In order to keep peace with the Native Americans, Parliament passed The Proclamation of 1763, a bill that said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Settlers felt this was a local decision and the government should not interfere. • In 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, which levied taxes against the colonists on almost everything printed on paper – legal documents, almanacs, diplomas, and playing cards. This law united the colonists against British rule, and resulted in many bloody demonstrations and riots. • Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767, which taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea. The colonists refused to buy these items, so the tax was finally repealed on everything except tea. |
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The American Revolution - Causes 4-6
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• In 1768, 4,000 British soldiers were
moved into Boston, and the colonists were required to provide room and board to the soldiers. On March 5, 1770, several townsmen got into an argument and threw snowballs at a group of soldiers. The soldiers opened fire on the unarmed crowd, killing five colonists. This became a highly publicized story known as the Boston Massacre; it fueled the fires for colonial independence. • Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 which forbade the colonists from buying non-English tea, which was still taxed as a way of demonstrating England’s right to tax the colonies. The colonists strongly opposed the tax, and when the British East India Company brought three ships loaded with tea into Boston harbor, merchants refused to sell the tea, and local authorities refused to allow the ships to off-load their cargo. On December 16, colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded the ships and tossed 342 chests of tea into the bay. This is known as the Boston Tea Party. Similar incidents occurred throughout the colonies until British tea was boycotted completely. • To punish the colonists, England passed laws that were more rigid than ever, igniting a revolt. The colonists dubbed these new laws “Intolerable Acts,” and held the First and Second Continental Congresses, meetings of representatives from each colony. In these meetings, colonial leaders began discussing revolution and agreed to form an American Continental Army, led by George Washington. |
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The American Revolution - Results
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• The colonies became an independent
nation, the United States of America. • Britain recognized the new country and gave up rights to the land east of the Mississippi River, to Canada in the north, and Florida in the south. • A new government was elected. |
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The Declaration of Independence
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• stated that governments must recognize
civil rights • governments are formed to protect their citizens’ rights • spelled out the insults, abuse, taxation issues, and other problems colonists had under British rule • stated colonies’ intent to form a new government |
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The Articles of the Confederation
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• first American Constitution
• provided for a government with no monarch • a weak central government, and stronger state governments • each state decided for itself, and issues that affected all were decided by majority vote |
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The Constitution
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the highest law in the United States
• provides for citizens to elect their representing officials • provides for the sharing of power between state and national government • designates branches of government – legislative (Congress), executive (President), and Judicial (the Supreme Court) • delineates a system of checks and balances, whereby each branch can be controlled by the other two branches |
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Bill of Rights
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• safeguards the rights of the people
• guarantees basic rights – freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, etc. |
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The War of 1812
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The War of 1812 was fought between
Britain and the newly formed U.S. During the war, the British captured and burned Washington, D.C., though the U.S. eventually won the conflict. This battle was important because it set the stage for other nations to recognize the United States as a viable, independent country. |
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The War of 1812 - Causes
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• England and France were capturing U.S.
ships and interfering with trade • The U.S. believed England was still interfering with the colonies, as well as providing weapons to the natives (so they could attack the colonies) • The U.S. wanted to take new territories – Canada (Britain) and Florida (Spain) |
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The War of 1812 - Results
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• England recognized U.S. boundaries
• American industry flourished because Americans had to make their own goods as opposed to relying on imports from England • The United States became recognized by other countries |
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Westward Expansion
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• After the Revolution, American territory
increased due to an American belief known as “Manifest Destiny.” This belief encompassed the idea that America was destined by God to encompass the land from the |
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Louisiana Purchase
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(1803) – Jefferson
purchased French lands west of the Mississippi |
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
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(1804-
1806) – Explorers sent to find a water route from the source of the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean, mapped much of the Continental U.S., made trade relations with the Native Americans living there, and paved the way for westward expansion. |
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Sacajawea
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(1805) A Shoshone Indian
woman who served as a guide and translator for Lewis and Clark |
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Florida Purchase
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(1819) – Florida was
purchased from Spain |
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The Trail of Tears and Resettlement of
Native Americans |
(1830-1832) –
removed Native Americans from their ancestral homes onto government reservations. Due to harsh traveling conditions and lack of supplies, many died during the journey. |
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Texas joined the Union
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(1845) - including
parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming |
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Oregon Territory
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(1846) – Washington,
Oregon, Idaho and most of Montana |
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Transportation during westward expansion
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- Wagon trains – Settlers moving to
new lands traveled by covered wagon - Stagecoach - The Pony Express - Canals - Railroads |
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Mexican land acquisition from Mexican-
American War |
(1848) – California,
Arizona, Utah, Nevada |
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Mexico land purchase
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(1853) – the
southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona |
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Homestead Act of 1862
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gave land to
any settler who lived and farmed it for five years; instrumental in the settlement of central and western regions of the U.S. |
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AK 1867
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purchased from Russia
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Hawaii 1898
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annexed by the U.S.
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People came to Texas for many reasons:
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• to make a better life
• inexpensive land • democracy • religious freedom |
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Major cultural groups in Texas:
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• Old-stock Anglo-Americans
• Upper South/Southerners • Lower South/Southerners • Direct European (groups) • Hispanic / Mexican-Americans • African-Americans • Native-Americans |
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Culture, Settlement, and Diffusion
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Diffusion is the process by which an idea or
innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space – the way innovations and ideas travel through society. Texas is composed of distinct culture groups, each with its own way of life. The exchanges of cultural ideas and practices, as well as the physical properties of the land, have greatly influenced Texas, both in the past and the present. |
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Texas Revolution dates
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(1820-1840)
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1821
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Stephen F. Austin, the “Father of
Texas,” brought white, American settlers to Texas. |
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1830
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Mexico refused to allow any more
U.S. settlers into the territory, creating tension and a cry for independence. |
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1835
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The Texas Revolution began
with the Battle of Gonzalez. |
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1836
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The Texas Declaration of
Independence was created and issued. • 1836 – The Texas Declaration of Independence was created and issued. • 1836 – The Battle of the Alamo; 5,000 Mexican soldiers attacked and killed 186 Texans (almost everyone there), including William B. Travis, David Crockett, and Jim Bowie. • 1836 – The Massacre at Goliad; 300- 400 Texas soldiers were taken prisoner by the Mexican army. Later, the prisoners were paraded through the streets and killed. • 1836 – General Sam Houston defeated Mexican General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. • 1836 – The Republic of Texas, an independent country, was formed, and the Texas Constitution was written. |
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1839
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Texas joined the United States.
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1845
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The new Texas Constitution was
written. |
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Stephen F. Austin
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“The Father of Texas”
(because he brought settlers to Texas) |
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Sam Houston
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first general of the Texas
army, first President of the Republic of Texas |
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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arrogant
Mexican general who led the assault against the Texas army, and later President of Mexico (1833) |
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William B. Travis
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commander of the
Alamo |
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James Bowie and David Crockett
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important statesmen who fought and
died at the Alamo |
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The Mexican War
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(1846-1848)
After Texas joined the Union, conflicts continued with Mexico and Santa Anna. President Polk pushed to buy more Mexican lands (because of his strong belief in the Manifest Destiny). The U.S. won the war after taking over Mexico City, Mexico’s capital. |
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The Mexican War - Causes
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• Mexico was against Texas joining the
Union • Disputes regarding the southern border of Texas (U.S. claimed it was the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River, farther to the north) • The U.S. wanted to own more land, which Mexico refused to sell |
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The Mexican War - Results
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• Mexico agreed that the southern border
was the Rio Grande. • Mexico sold the U.S. California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming • U.S. size and power increased |
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Civil War dates
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1861-1865
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The Compromise of 1820 and The
Compromise of 1860 |
decided if new
states joining the union would be free states or slave states; attempted to balance those for and against the issue in Congress |
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The Dred Scott Decision
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a slave who had moved with his master
to the free state of Illinois, sued for his freedom. The Supreme Court decided that because Scott was “property,” he could not sue for his freedom. This enraged Abolitionists and fueled the fires for Civil War. |
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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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Public
political debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas (during the 1858 senate election). Slavery was hotly debated, drawing large crowds and national attention to the issue. |
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1860
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Secession begins (South Carolina
is the first to secede) |
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1861
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South fires on Fort Sumter, Civil
War begins; Battle of Bull Run – first major land battle of the Civil War |
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1862
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Battle of Antietam – first major
land battle to take place on Northern soil |
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1863
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Emancipation Proclamation –
Lincoln declared all slaves freed • 1863 Battle of Gettysburg – bloodiest battle of the war, a turning point for Northern victory |
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1864
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Sherman’s army burns Atlanta
• 1864 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox |
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1865
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Lincoln assassinated
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US Civil War Causes
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• Slavery – the issue at the heart of the war
• Northern (industrial) vs. Southern (agricultural) ways of life • Free labor vs. paid labor - southern economy was based on the free labor provided by slaves • States’ rights – the north held that no state could secede (leave the nation), while the south felt that individual states could vote to do s |
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US Civil War Results
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• Slavery ended, though blacks were not
given equal rights. They could not vote, join their state army, serve on a jury, or testify against whites in court. • Secession was no longer allowed • The U.S. government was reconstructed to change civil rights and citizenship laws |
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Texas in the civil war
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Only a small percentage of Texas families
owned slaves, though most Texans felt that states should make their own decisions regarding this and most issues. Texas joined the Confederacy and was a formidable force in many battles. During the Battle of Vicksburg, a small band of Texans held a pass against an entire platoon of northern soldiers, took the entire platoon hostage, and took their weapons. Few Civil War battles were fought on Texas soil. |
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Reconstruction 1
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After the Civil War and Lincoln’s
assassination, there was a period of intense restructuring in the United States. These are the key aspects of Reconstruction: • The 13th Amendment was passed, outlawing slavery • Freedman’s Bureau was created to help the newly freed slaves with food, housing, and employment • The Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. • Men from the former Confederacy were required to take an oath of loyalty to the Union |
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Reconstruction 2
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• The 14th Amendment was passed,
giving citizenship rights to freed slaves • The 15th Amendment was passed, giving voting rights to all male citizens over the age of 21, including freed slaves • Jim Crow laws passed by southern states legalized segregation (separate waiting areas in public places) • Ku Klux Klan, a secret society of white supremacists, was formed and engaged in acts against African Americans and those that supported them. • The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction and called for federal troops that were stationed in southern states to be removed. |
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Industrial Revolution, Technological
Advances, and Industrialization |
In the 1800s, many significant technological
advances increased the flow of goods and services throughout the U.S. In the 1900s, manufacturing capabilities of the U.S. grew significantly. Products changed from handmade to machine-made, increasing output and wealth. Below is a list of significant technological advances that impacted trade and industry in the U.S. and Texas. In addition, around the turn of the century, cities began to grow, and Americans became increasingly urban. Before 1870, less than 25% of Americans lived in cities (most lived on farms or in small, rural towns). By the mid-1900s, more than half of all Americans lived in cities. |
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Spanish-American War of 1898 Causes
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• The Maine, a U.S. battleship was
mysteriously sunk (killing 260 people) while serving as a peace-keeping force near Cuba while Cuba was engaged in a battle for independence from Spain. • Many Americans felt we should support the Cuban freedom efforts; others felt the U.S. should take over Cuba as many American businesses had holdings there. • Two major newspapers in New York were in a heated competition for readers. They sensationalized the sinking of the Maine, which stirred Americans for war. |
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Spanish-American War of 1898 Results
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• Cuba gained limited independence from
Spain • The U.S. gained territory, including Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. • The U.S. became a recognized leader in international affairs. |
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World War I
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(1914-1918)
World War I, the “war to end all wars,” began in 1914 and involved countries from all over the world. The U.S. joined the conflict in 1917. |
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WWI Causes
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• European industrial countries had large
world empires, were very competitive, and wanted to increase their holdings. • Countries formed alliances – agreements to defend each other in case of attack. • Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent for the Austrian-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo. Austria declared war on Serbia, which triggered WWI, as alliances brought other countries into the war. • The U.S., neutral at the beginning of the war, turned against Germany when German U-boats sank the Lusitania – an unarmed passenger ship. Twelve hundred people were killed, including 100 Americans. That, and the sinking of other unarmed American merchant ships, led to the U.S. declaring war on Germany in 1917. • Despite the early war in Serbia, Germany was held responsible for starting the war. Between August 1-4, Germany declared war on Russia and France, and invaded Belgium. |
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WWI Results
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• World War I ended with the Treaty of
Versailles, a harsh agreement that punished the Germans severely. • Germany lost territory to Belgium, Denmark, France, and Poland • The size of Germany’s army was reduced • Germany was forbidden to have submarines and aircraft • Germany was fined $33 million in damages to other nations (which they never paid) • The League of Nations was formed. |
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The League of Nations
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After World War I, President Woodrow
Wilson founded the League of Nations to foster peace among the nations of the world. Though the League solved some disputes and prevented war, it eventually failed because it required that all member nations agree, which rarely happened, and it had no military forces to enforce its decisions. |
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Suffrage
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In the early 1900s, women had limited legal
rights, educational and career opportunities and could not vote. Many women were disappointed when the Civil War ended and males – both black and white -- were allowed to vote but women were not. Despite hardship and abuse, many women banded together and pushed for equal rights for women. These rights were granted when the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 1920. |
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Great Depression 1
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Following the industrial boom of the 1920s,
many companies had produced more goods than they could sell. The stock market crashed in 1929, leaving many businesses and people bankrupt. This was the starting point of the Great Depression, a time of extreme poverty and hardship. The economy began to recover with the inception of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, though it did not fully come to an end until World War II. The New Deal created Federal Agencies to fund and manage: |
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Great Depression 2 .. The New Deal created
Federal Agencies to fund and manage: |
• emergency relief (FEMA)
• the elderly, orphans, and the disabled (Social Security) • excess farm production (Agricultural Adjustment Act) • the development of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) • environmental improvement (Civilian Conservation Corps) • labor unions (National Labor Relations Board) |
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WW2
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(1939-1945)
Nazi Germany, led by Adolph Hitler, invaded and conquered one nation after another in Europe. The U.S. remained neutral until December 7, 1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. |
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WW2 Causes
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• Germany, Italy, and Japan were led by
dictators who instilled zealous civic conceit and created potent police systems to enforce their doctrine. • WWI’s Treaty of Versailles left Germany financially devastated and humiliated. • The Axis countries wanted to conquer neighboring territories. |
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WW2 Results
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• Economic hardship for most countries as
a result of vast expenditures related to the war • Millions of Europeans lost their homes • Japan created a new constitution and built a more democratic government • Germany was segregated into four parts. Three segments became West Germany, an independent democracy, and the last became Communist East Germany. • The United Nations was formed. • The U.S. and the Soviet Union became the world’s superpowers, dominating the world’s political stage. |
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The Holocause
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German-led genocide
of 11 million people, mostly Jews |
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
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December 7, 1941, Japan bombed U.S.
forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii |
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Hiroshima / Nagasaki
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On August 6, 1945, the U.S.
dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. On August 9, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. These attacks ended the war. Japan surrendered on September 2. |
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Churchill
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inspirational leader
of Britain that took a strong stand against Hitler |
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Hitler
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Adolph Hitler – leader of Germany
from 1934 and leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party. Using his persuasive speaking skills, he appealed to Germany’s sense of nationalism and economic needs to create an authoritarian regime. Under his leadership, Germany invaded Poland, occupied most of Europe, and pushed for racial genocide of the Jewish people. |
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Hitler
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leader of Germany
from 1934 and leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party. Using his persuasive speaking skills, he appealed to Germany’s sense of nationalism and economic needs to create an authoritarian regime. Under his leadership, Germany invaded Poland, occupied most of Europe, and pushed for racial genocide of the Jewish people. |
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Douglas MacArthur
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Commander of
the U.S. forces in the Pacific |
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Robert Oppenheimer
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Leader of the
Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb |
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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only American
President to serve four terms, leader of U.S. for most of WWII |
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Harry Truman
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Vice President, became
President upon Roosevelt’s death; ordered the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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The United Nations
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The United Nations was founded after
WWII to maintain world peace. |
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The Korean War
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(1950-1953)
After WWII, Korea was divided into two countries, one democratic and one communist. At the request of the United Nations, the U.S. supplied aid to democratic South Korea. |
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The Korean War - Causes
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• North Korea attempted to take over
South Korea. • The U.N. demanded a withdrawal, which was refused. • The U.N. sent troops and supplies from 15 allied countries (including the U.S.) to support South Korea. |
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The Korean War - Results
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• There was no declared victor. Korea
remains divided both fundamentally and physically. • A United Nations cease-fire agreement was signed by North Korea in 1953. |
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The Vietnam War
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(1957-1975)
This war was between Communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. The U.S. supported South Vietnam with weapons and troops. In 1973, the U.S. withdrew due to America’s anti-war sentiments. |
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The Vietnam War - Causes
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• North Vietnam wanted to take over the
south and be one country under Communist rule. • The U.S. wanted to stop the spread of Communism. |
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The Vietnam War - Results
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• Vietnam became united with
Communist North Vietnam in control. • Nearly a million refugees left Vietnam; many settled in the United States |
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The Civil Rights Movement
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(1954-1968)
After Reconstruction, blacks were still badly treated. They were segregated from whites and often worked as sharecroppers and other extremely low-paying jobs. African Americans began to push for equal rights, and a period of civil unrest ensued. |
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1954
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Brown v. Board of Education –
Supreme Court ruling called for desegregation of schools |
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1955
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Emmett Till’s Murder – This
teenage African-American boy was beaten and murdered for whistling at a white woman. Publicity that followed his mother’s decision to hold an opencasket service (revealing the abuse he suffered) gave a face to the problem. |
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1955-1956
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Montgomery Bus Boycott –
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to white passengers and was arrested. Black leaders organized a boycott of the bus system which lasted for 381 days, until the segregation ordinance was removed. Also Mass Mobilization – Boycotts, freedom rides, sit-ins, marches • 1963 The March on Washington – More than 200,000 demonstrators marched for freedom and jobs, and then gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial, where King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. |
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Civil Rights
leader who advocated peaceful demonstrations for civic change; assassinated 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee |
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Rosa Parks
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“The Mother of the Civil
Rights Movement” |
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The Persian Gulf War
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(1991)
At the request of the U.N. and with the support of 30 member countries, the U.S. fought against Iraq when they illegally invaded Kuwait. |
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The Persian Gulf War - Causes
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Iraq wanted to take over Kuwait’s oil
fields, and wanted access to the Persian Gulf (for oil transport). • Iraq considered Kuwait to be part of their country. • Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein wanted control of the Muslim world. |
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The Persian Gulf War - Results
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• Iraq was defeated, and its army was
reduced. • Economic hardship was created for the Iraqi people due to trade sanctions imposed after the war. • Hussein remained in power and rebuilt his forces. • The U.N. cease-fire agreement called for Iraq to allow U.N. inspectors to look for and destroy Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. |
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The Attack on America
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(2001)
On September 11, 2001, the terrorist group Al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, hijacked four large airplanes in America. Two were crashed into the World Trade Center (the Twin Towers) in New York City, and one was crashed into the U.S. Pentagon, destroying the buildings and killing thousands. The final plane, thought to be aimed at the White House, went down in Shanksville, PA, due to a passenger uprising against the terrorists. |
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The Attack on America - Results (hey, where are the causes? ... do we not know?)
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• President George Bush declared war on
terrorism • U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan, the base of the Al Qaeda network • The Department of Homeland Security was formed |
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The War in Iraq
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(2003) |