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What is an Interest Group?

Collection of people who come together with a shared goal of influencing policy.

представляют собой совокупность людей, которые приходят вместе с общей целью оказать влияние на политику.

Unlike politcal parties, interest groups..

do not run their own candidates or seek to run government. They seek goals by decision making.

не запускать своих собственных кандидатов или стремятся работать правительство. Они ищут целей путем принятия решений.

How do Interest Groups work?

through advocacy public campaigns and lobbying to make changes in public policy.

путем пропаганды общественных кампаний и лоббирование с целью внесения изменений в государственной политике.

What is a polital party?

an organization that nominates and elects its members to office in order to run the government and shape public policy if elected.
организация, которая назначает и избирает своих членов в офис, чтобы запустить правительство и формировать государственную политику в случае избрания.

What do political parties do?

They identify potential candidates, nominate them to run for office, and campaign for them.
Они определяют потенциальных кандидатов, выдвигать их кандидатуры баллотироваться на должность, и кампания для них

What is the goal of a political party?

to win government to win control of public policy.
чтобы выиграть правительство, чтобы выиграть контроль над государственной политикой.

What is Lobbying?

The practice of trying to influence members of the legislature.

Практика пытается влиять на членов законодательного органа.

What are Lobbyists?

Hired professionals by Interest Groups to lobby on behalf of their interests. They work on behalf of an interest group and serves as a point of contact. Theyare hired by specific groups to directly work with policy makers
Наемные специалисты по групп интересов для лоббирования от имени своих интересов. Они работают от имени группы интересов и служит в качестве точки контакта. Они нанимаются конкретными группами, чтобы работать непосредственно с политиками

What are the Lobbyists' goal?

to get favorable legislation or policy decisions for the group.
Цель состоит в том, чтобы получить благоприятные законы или политические решения для группы.

What is the primary goal of most state and local interest groups?

To protect local interests from state activities.

Ru: Для защиты местных интересов от государственной деятельности.



Uk: Для захисту місцевих інтересів від державної діяльності.

Interests of state and federal agencies are represented by

government organizations

Ru: правительственные организации

Uk: урядові організації

What is a PAC?

Are also are used to refer to interest groups; are organizations that collect and distribute money to candidates;

Ru: Есть также используются для обозначения групп интересов; являются организации, которые собирают и распределяют деньги кандидатов.


Uk: Є також використовуються для позначення груп інтересів; є організації, які збирають і розподіляють гроші кандидатів.

What does direct strategy of interest groups mean?

It is important for an interest group to communicate. Theimmediate goal is to inform policy makers on the groups position, the tools of influence come from the information and research they convey.

Ru: Это важно для интерес группы к общению. Ближайшей целью является информирование политиков о положении групп, инструменты влияния приходят из информации и научных исследований они передают.

How do interest groups influence the outcomes of elections?

They give money to candidates and campaigns. They endorse and provide support for a candidate running for public office (sympathetic to their cause).

How do interest groups try to influence the Supreme Court?

turn to lawsuits to change policy, sponsor litigation (e.g Obergefellv. Hodges case), file amicus curiae briefs, which are known as “friend of the court” , are filed to provide support for a desired outcome in a case.

What is a party platform?

They formulate and convey their ideas about public policy thru the nationalparty platform.

What is voter turnout?

the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.
Turnout tends to be
highest in presidential elections; lowest during special elections
Even though registration is easy...
turnout continues to remain low

What is a primary election?

preliminary elections conducted by a political party to select (nominate) candidates who will run for public office. It helps to narrow a field of candidates from each party. The winner then runs in a general election

What is a general election?

voters decide which candidates will hold office. If elected, they are chosen from among the candidates determined in the primary elections.

When are generally elections held?

the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The candidate who receives the most votes wins (plurality).

What is a runoff election?

To win a primary in Texas, one must receive a majority (50 +1). If the leading candidate does not, a run-off election is held.

When are runoff elections held?

on the second Tuesday of April.

How could a candidate win a runoff election?

They must receive a plurality.

What is an open primary?

which voters are not required to declare party affiliation.

What is a runoff election?

only voters registered for the party which is holding the primary may vote.
What is the Motor Voter Law?
National Voter Registration Act (1993); Passed by Congress to help simplify voter registration. Allows registration by mail, or when one applies for social services in the state.
Early voting in Texas begins when?
7 days before any scheduled election

When does early voting in Texas end?

4 days before an election
What are absentee ballots?
Anyone who wishes to vote early must not be in his or her county of residence (on Election Day), not be in the county during the early voting period, at least be 65 years old, or physically disabled on Election Day
Past restrictions tovoting in Texas
Theright to vote extended only to white males only. Restrictions include the white primary, literacy tests, and poll taxes.

Poll taxes would prove to be the most restrictive

ы́
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Bars any prerequisite to voting or practice “based on race or color”

-Abolishes the use of literacy tests in voter registrations Prohibits residency requirements of more than 30 days


-Requires states to provides some form of early voting and absentee ballots


-Requires states and jurisdictions to provide bilingual ballots

The 19th Amendment
Texas was the first southern state to ratify the 19th amendment
What is an original jurisdiction?
the power to hear a case for the first time. In which the court has the right to hear the case first. (also referred to as trial courts) Thisis where the facts of the case are decided

What is appelate jurisdiction?

to hear appeals from lower courts, including the power to reverse or modify the lower court's decision. Theappeals court uses appellate jurisdiction to review a lower court's decision. Appellate courts will not hear or retry the case
Which type ofcases do municipal courts hear?

misdemeanors (class C) casesinvolving violations of city ordinances (fire safety, public health)


Which type of cases do JP courts hear?

cases involving contracts, torts and injuries to personal property.

Which type of cases do district courts hear?
majorcriminal and civil cases. May also hear cases involving divorce cases, land title, and elections.
What is a grand jury?
Theydetermine whether there is enough evidence that a crime was committed. Decides whether the defendant should be tried for the crime. Nineof twelve (3/4) jurors must agree to issue an indictment
Before a trial even begins, all major felony cases go to

a grand jury

What is an indictment(true bill)
When the grand jury determines if there is probable cause that a crime was committed. Ifso, they’ll return a indictment, and then a trial is scheduled.

What happens if the Grand Jury doesn't return a true bill of indictment?

they issue a “no bill” and charges are then dropped

What does a no-bill mean?

the accused was justified in his/her actions
Which type of cases do county courts hear?

All class A and B misdemeanors; Mostcommon types are DWI and drug offenses. May also serve as appellate courts (courts of record)

What is a penal code?
graded penalties for capital and noncapital offenses.
Which courts serves astrial courts in Texas?

Municipal, JP, County and District

Which type of cases doesthe Court of Criminal appeals hear?
Hears direct appeals (criminal) from the Texas Court of Appeals
Which type of cases doesthe Texas Supreme Court hear?
Hears direct appeals (civil) from the Texas Court of Appeals
What are the 4 levels of courts in the Texas Court System?

Municipal, County, District, Supreme

What is a plea bargain(agreement)?
an agreement between a defendant and a prosecutor, in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest (nolo contendere) in exchange for an agreement by the prosecutor to drop one or more charges,
What is a benchtrial?

a trial by judge, as opposed to a trial by jury.

What is a petit jury (pety jury)?

Juries of citizens that determine the guilt or innocence of a person during a trial

How are vacancies in theTexas courts filled?

The governor appoints a replacement until the next election

How are judges selected inTexas?
Required its judges to run in partisanelections. The governor
All other judges must be elected with the exception of...
municipal judges

Why is judicial selection important?

necessary for judicial candidates to identify with a political party, and helps to curtail and limit the appointment powers of the Governor
County courts can hearcases on appeal from which lower courts?

Appellate Courts

What is the burden ofproof in criminal cases?
proving the defendant's guilt is on the prosecution, and they must establish that fact beyond a reasonable doubt.
How many jurors does ittake to convict someone of a felony?

6 for civil


12 for criminal

What type of decisions doappellate courts make?
do not re-try cases, and they do not hear new evidence. Rather, they review decisions made by the trial court, and the power to reverse or modify the lower court's decision
Which courts serves asappellate courts in Texas?

Texas Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals

Merit System (Missori System)

used to select specific judges. Under this plan, the governor appoints judges from a list submitted by a screening committee.

straight ticket voting system

allows for voters to vote for all candidates in a party by making a single mark.

How many appellate courts are there?

14 intermidiate courts and 2 "supreme" appellate courts.

While JP courts hear cases involving contracts, torts and injuries to personal property, they can not have jurisdiction over cases that involve...
real property titles, easements, or rights of way
Womenwere NOT allowed to vote in general elections until

1919; 20th amendment, however,non-white women were not allowed to vote.