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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is not an essential element of psychological testing?
a. Systematic procedures b. The use of empirically derived standards c. Pre-established rules for scoring d. Sampling behavior from affective domains |
Sampling behavior from affective domains
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The single most important source of criteria for evaluating tests, testing practices, and the effects of test use can be found in the
a. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct b. Standards of Educational and Psychological Testing c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders d. Report of the Task Force on Test User Qualifications |
Standards of Educational and Psychological Testing
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The earliest antecedents of modern testing for personnel selection date back to
a. China, B.C.E. b. Ancient Greece c. The Inca empire d. Medieval Europe |
China B.C.E.
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Evaluating psychological tests is the least problematic
a. Prior to their being placed into use b. Once they have been placed into use |
Prior to being placed in use.
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Compared to the other areas listed, the development of criteria or bases for decision making has been substantially slower in the context of
a. Educational assessment b. Occupational assessment c. Clinical assessment |
Clinical Assessment
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Credit for devising the first successful psychological test in the modern era is usually given to
a. Francis Galton b. Alfred Binet c. James McKeen Cattell d. Wilhelm Wundt |
Alfred Binet
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The true ratio IQ or intelligence quotient as derived by
a. Adding the mental age (MA) and the chronological age (CA) of the test taker. b. Subtracting the CA from the MA and multiplying the result by 100. c. Dividing the CA by the MA and multiplying the result by 100 d. Dividing the MA by the CA and multiplying the result by 100. |
Dividing MA by CA and multiplying by 100.
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The primary purpose for which psychological tests are currently used is
a. Psychological research b. Educational research c. Decision making d. Self understanding and personal development |
Decision Maiking
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Compared to psychological testing, psychological assessment is generally
a. Simpler b. More structured c. More expensive d. More objective |
More expensive
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Which of the following would be the best source of information on a test that is not commercially available?
a. Mental Measurements Yearbooks b. Test Critiques c. Tests in print d. psycINFO |
psycINFO
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Which of the following scales of measurement is the only one that has a meaningful zero point?
a. Nominal b. Ratio c. Ordinal d. Interval |
Ratio
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Tom and Jerry scored at the 60th and 65th percentiles, respectively, on a language skills test. Mary and Martha scored at the 90th and 95th percentiles, respectively, on the same test. We can conclude that the difference between Tom and Jerry in terms of their language skills is the same as the difference between Mary and Martha. The preceding statement is
a. True b. False |
False
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On a test of general cognitive ability, a 5 year old child obtains a mental age score of 4 years and a 10 year old obtains a mental age score of 9 years. If one were to compute their IQs according to the original ratio IQ formula, the result would be as follows
a. Both children would obtain the same ratio IQ b. The 5 year old would obtain a higher ratio IQ c. The 10 year old would obtain a higher ratio IQ |
The 10 year old would obtain a higher ratio IQ
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In the distribution 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 8, 11, the mean, median, and mode are respectively,
a. 4, 3, and 2 b. 2, 4, and 3 c. 3, 4, and 2 d. 2, 3, and 4 |
4,3,2
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For testing and many other purposes, the quintessential index of the variability in a distribution of scores is the
a. Sum of the squared deviation scores b. The square root of the variance c. The semi-interquartile range |
The square root of the variance
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Which of the following statements about the normal curve model is NOT true?
a. It is bilaterally symmetrical b. Its limits extend to infinity c. Its mean, median, and mode coincide d. It is multimodal |
It is multimodal
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The area of normal distribution between +1 alpha and -1 alpha encompasses approximately ________ of the curve.
a. 50% b. 68% c. 95% d. 99% |
68%
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If the shape of the distribution of scores obtained from a test is significantly skewed, it means that the test is probably _____ for the test takers in question.
a. Too easy b. Too hard c. Either too easy or too hard d. Just right |
Either too easy or too hard
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Which of the following coefficients represents the strongest degree of correlation between two variables?
a. -.80 b. -.20 c. +.20 d. +.60 |
-.80
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If the range of values of either one of two variables that are correlated using the Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation (Pearson r) is restricted, the size of the obtained coefficient will be
a. Reduced b. Increased c. Unaffected |
Reduced.
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If not accompanied by further information, a high raw score is
a. Meaningless b. Still always better than a low score |
Meaningless
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______ constitute the most widely used frame of reference for test score interpretation.
a. Content domains b. Work samples c. Criteria d. Norms |
Norms
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Of all the following developmental norms, which ones are the most universally applicable?
a. Theory based ordinal scales b. Mental age norms c. Natural sequences d. Grade based norms |
Natural sequences
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With regard to the samples used to establish within-group norms, the single most important requirement is that they should be
a. Gathered locally by the institution or organization that will use them b. Very large, numbering in the thousands c. Representative of the group for which they will be used d. Convenient to obtain in the process of standardization |
Representative of the group for which they will be used
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The concepts of test ceiling and test floor are most closely related to the issue of
a. Test validity b. Test difficulty c. The type of standard scores used in a test d. The type of items used in a test |
Test difficulty
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When transformed into the Wechsler-scale type of deviation IQs, a z score of -1.00 would become a Wechsler IQ of
a. 85 b. 95 c. 105 d. 115 |
85
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Which of the following score transformation procedures is the only one that qualifies as a linear transformation?
a. Normalized standard scores b. Percentiles to statnines c. Raw scores to percentile scores d. Z scores to T scores |
Z scores to T scores
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If a group of present day individuals were to take both the original Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and its latest revision, the WAIS III, the chances are higher that their IQ scores would be
a. The same on both tests b. Higher on the WAIS III than on the WAIS c. Higher on the WAIS than the WAIS III |
Higher on the WAIS than the WAIS III
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The essential characteristic of item response theory which models is that they place ______ on a common scale.
a. Items and tests b. Items and persons c. Persons and tests |
Items and persons
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One of the main advantages of IRT methodology is that it is ideally suited for use in _______ testing.
a. Computer adaptive b. Paper and pencil c. Personality |
Computer adaptive
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A true score is
a. A hypothetical entity b. A real entity c. Equal to the observed score d. Equal to the observed score plus error |
A hypothetical entity.
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If the reliability of a test is well established, test users can assume that the scores obtained from that test will be reliable.
a. True b. False |
False.
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Which of the following sources of error in test scores is NOT assessed by traditional estimates of reliability?
a. Interscore differences b. Time sampling c. Content sampling d. Deviations from standardized procedures |
Deviations from standardized procedures.
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______ reliability coefficients are used to estimate time sampling error in test scores.
a. Test- retest b. Alternate form c. Scorer d. Split half |
Test-retest.
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Which of the following types of reliability coefficients results in a combined estimate of error stemming from two different sources?
a. Scorer b. Test-retest c. Alternate form d. Delayed alternate form |
Delayed alternate form
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All other things being equal, scores obtained from longer tests are ______ those obtained from comparable tests that are shorter.
a. Less reliable than b. More reliable than c. Just as reliable as |
More reliable than
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The magnitude of a reliability coefficient is more likely to be affected by the _______ than by the ________ of the sample for which it is computed.
a. Size/heterogeneity b. Heterogeneity/size |
Heterogeneity/ size
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One of the distinct advantages of generalizability theory over traditional approaches to score reliability is that generalizability theory
a. Requires a smaller number of observations b. Results in smaller error components c. Allows for the evaluation of interaction effects d. Uses less complicated statistical methods |
Allows for the evaluation of interaction effects.
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Suppose that a student obtains a score of 110 on a test with M=100, SD=20, and an estimated reliability of .96. Chances are about 68 out of 100 that the student’s true score falls somewhere between
a. 100 and 110 b. 102 and 112 c. 106 and 114 d. 110 and 120 |
106 and 114.
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The standard error of measurement of Test A is 5 and the standard error of measurement for Test B is 8. The standard error of the difference for comparing scores from the two tests will be
a. Less than 8 b. Less than 5 c. Between 5 and 8 d. Greater than 8 |
Greater than 8
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Validity is the degree to which
a. A test measures what it purports to measure b. Evidence supports inferences from test scores c. Test scores are consistent across situations |
Evidence supports interferences from test scores.
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In recent decades the various forms of validity evidence have been subsumed within the notion of _____ validity.
a. Content b. Concurrent c. Predictive d. Construct |
construct
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Nomothetic span refers to
a. A network of relationships between measures b. The decomposition of tasks c. Identifying differences among test takers d. The scope of the construct being measured |
A network of relationships between measures
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Evidence of validity that is based on test content and response processes is particularly applicable to
a. Interest inventories b. Educational tests c. Personality tests |
Eductational Tests
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Face validity refers primarily to
a. The representativeness of test content b. Evidence of validity from the psychometric perspective c. The superficial characteristics of a test d. The amount of empirical validation data accumulated for a test |
The superficial characteristics of a test
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In order to gather discriminant validity evidence, one would correlate the scores of tests that purport to assess _________ constructs.
a. The same b. Similar but not the same c. Different |
Different
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One of the most useful aspects of factor analysis, as applied to test validation research, is that the results of applying this technique can
a. Simplify the interpretation and reporting of test scores b. Reveal the essential aspects of constructs that tests are assessing c. Readily be generalized across populations |
Simplfy the interpretation and reporting of test scores
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Which of the following statements about criterion measures is NOT true?
a. Criterion measures can differ in terms of their reliability and validity b. Different criterion measures do not always correlate with each other. c. Criterion measures may or may not generalize across different groups d. The best criterion measures are usually available at the time of testing |
The best criterion measures are usually available at the time of testing
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Standard errors of estimate are used in order to gauge the
a. Reliability of criteria b. Reliability of predictors c. Accuracy of obtained scores d. Accuracy with which criteria are predicted |
Accuracy with which criteria are predicted.
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From the standpoint of criterion related validation procedures, which of the following types of decisions is the most complex?
a. Selection b. Placement c. Classification |
Classification.
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The procedures involved in item analysis pertain primarily to test
a. Developers b. Users c. Takers d. Administrators |
Developers
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Qualitative item analysis typically takes place
a. After a test is standardized b. At the same time that a test is cross validated c. After the item pool is generated d. Just before a test is published |
After the item pool is generated
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Forced choice items belong to the category of
a. Constructed response items b. Selected response items c. Neither a nor b |
Selected response items
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Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of selected response over constructed response items? Selected response items
a. Are less prone to scoring errors b. Make more efficient use of testing time c. Are easier to quantify d. Are easier to prepare |
Are easier to prepare.
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Item discrimination indexes are statistics primarily used to assess item
a. Validity b. Fairness c. Reliability d. Difficulty |
Validity
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If one wished to produce a test that would result in maximum differentiation among test takers, one would aim for an average difficulty level (p value) of
a. 1.00 b. 0.75 c. 0.50 d. 0 |
.50
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The Pearson r is the correlation most commonly used to calculate indexes of the relationship between item performance and criterion standing.
a. True b. False |
False
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For a pure speed test, the customary indexes of item difficulty and discrimination are _________ they are for a pure power test.
a. Less appropriate than b. More appropriate than c. Just as appropriate as |
Less appropriate than
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Which of the following is NOT one of the basic objectives toward which item response theory (IRT) is geared?
a. To provide maximum information about the trait levels of examinees b. To give examinees items that are tailored to their trait levels c. To increase the number of items included in a test d. To minimize measurement error |
To increase the number of items included in a test
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Item response theory, so far, has been applied least extensively in the area of ___________ testing.
a. Achievement b. Aptitude c. Cognitive d. Personality |
Personality
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The first question to consider when psychological testing is contemplated is
a. Whether testing is necessary b. What kind of test to use c. The costs associated with testing |
Whether testing is necessary
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Which of the following is NOT a primary advantage attendant to the use of psychological tests?
a. Objectivity b. Efficiency c. Easy availability |
Easy availability
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All other things being equal, the potential gain in the accuracy of a selection decision is greatest when the base rate is closest to
a. 1.00 b. 0.75 c. 0.50 d. 0.00 |
0.50
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An ideal situation, for purposes of accuracy in selecting employees, would involve a ________ base rate, a ________ selection ratio, and a test with a _________ degree of validity.
a. Moderate/high/high b. Moderate/low/high c. High/low/moderate d. High/high/high |
moderate/low/high
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Which one of the following assessment tools is the most likely to provide valid and reliable evaluative information for individual assessment?
a. Interviewing b. References c. Informal observation d. Biodata |
biodata
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As a general rule, the presence of third parties, other than the examiner and test taker, during the administration of individual tests is
a. Desirable b. Undesirable c. Neither a nor b |
undesirable
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Which of the following is not one of the areas in which computer based test administration offers advantages over individual test administration?
a. Uniformity of procedure b. Cost effectiveness c. Precision capabilities d. Qualitative data gathering |
Qualitative data gathering
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The perspective on testing presented by the author stresses the fact that psychological tests
a. Can be a valuable component in most cases when assessment is needed b. Can often be the sole source of information on which to base decisions c. Invariably constitute the most efficient tools available for assessment |
Can be a valuable component in most cases when assessment is needed
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In communicating test results to the consumers of test data, the most pertinent information to be conveyed to them is the
a. Numerical score obtained by examinees b. Labels or diagnoses derived from test scores c. Meaning of test scores |
Meaning of test scores
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The legal and ethical responsibilities of test users with regard to appropriate interpretation of test results is
a. Obviated when they use tests on their own behalf b. Obviated when they use tests on behalf of a third party c. Obviated when they use tests on behalf of their own clients d. Never obviated |
Never obviated
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