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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
WHAT ARE THREE ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
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-RECEIVE SENSORY INFORMATION
-INTEGRATE AND INTERPRET INFORMATION -INITIATE MOTOR RESPONSES |
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IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, A SENSATION IS (3)?
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-CONSCIOUS
-SUBCONSCIOUS -UNCONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STIMULI |
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WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF TRANSLATION
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-SPINAL REFLEXES
-VISCERAL REFLEXES(BRAINSTEM) -CRUDE IDENTIFICATION(THALAMUS) -PRECISE IDENTIFICATION(CEREBRAL CORTEX) |
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THE NATURE OF THE SENSATION AND THE TYPE OF REACTION GENERATED BY THE CNS VARY WITH?
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THE LEVEL OF THE CNS AT WHICH THE STIMULUS IS TRANSLATED
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WHAT IS MODALITY?
ONE MODALITY IS CARRIED BY WHAT? |
-A SPECIFIC TYPE OF SENSATION
-THE DISTINC QUALITY THAT MAKES ONE SENSATION DIFFERENT FROM ANOTHER. BY A GIVEN SENSORY NEURON |
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EACH OF THE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF SENSATION IS CALLED A?
WHAT ARE THEY(4)? |
-MODALITY OF SENSATION
TOUCH, PAIN, SIGHT, SOUND |
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EACH SOMATOSENSORY RECEPTOR IS RESPONSIVE TO HOW MANY TYPES OF STIMULUS ENERGY?
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ONE
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_________ IS A KEY PROPERTY OF A RECEPTOR, IT UNDERLINES THE MOST IMPRTANT CODING MECHANISM CALLED?
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SPECIFICITY
THE LABELED LINE PRINCIPLE |
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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECEPTOR AND THE _____CONNECTIONS OF THE ______ CONNECTED TO THE RECEPTOR DETERMINE HOW THE SENSATION IS PERCEIVED.
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CENTRAL
AXON |
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WHAT IS THE KEY PROPERTY OF A RECEPTOR THAT UNDERLINES THE MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISM
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SPECIFICITY
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WHAT IS A CHANGE IN SENSORY RECEPTOR SENSITIVITY CALLED?
IT IS USUALLY A ________ TO LONG LASTING STIMULUS. |
ADAPTATION
DECREASE |
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WHAT IS A NAME FOR FAST ADAPTING RECEPTORS?
WHAT DO THEY SENSE? |
PHASIC
PRESSURE, TOUCH AND SMELL |
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WHAT a THE NAME FOR THE SLOW ADAPTING RECEPTORS?
WHAT TYPE OF RECEPTORS ARE THEY? |
TONIC
PAIN, PROPIOCEPTORS(POSITION) CHEMORECEPTORS |
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SLOW ADAPTING(TONIC) RECEPTORS ARE IMPORTANT IS SIGNALING INFORMATION REGARDING WHAT?
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THE STEADY STATES OF THE BODY
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SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS ARE AFFERENT OR EFFERENT?
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AFFERENT
CARRY SENSORY INPUT UP THE CORD FROM THE BODY TO THE BRAIN. |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS?
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FAST ADAPTING(PHASIC)
AND SLOW ADAPTING(TONIC) |
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THE SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS CLASSIFIED AS AFFERENT TRANSMIT WHAT FROM THE BODY TO THE BRAIN
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TEMPERATURE, PAIN, PRESSURE
TOUCH, VIBRATORY SENSE, PROPRIOCEPTION VISION TASTE, HEARING, SMELL AND EQUILIBRIUM |
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PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS-
THERE ARE 3 DIFF. MODALITIES OF THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM. WHAT ARE THEY |
-DISCRIMINATIVE TOUCH
-PAIN AND TEMP. SENSATIONS -PROPRIOCEPTION OR POSITION SENSE |
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PERCEPTION OF PRESSUE RELIES ON 4 DIFF. RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN WHAT ARE THEY? WHICH ONES ARE FAST OR RAPID ADAPTING?
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MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES (FAST)
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES(FAST) (QUICKLY STOP FIRING IN RESPNSE TO CONSTANT STIMULUS) MERKEL'S DISKS RUFFINI ENDINGS (SLOW ADAPTING, DO NOT STOP FIRING) |
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WHEN AN OBJECT PLACED ON HAND, WHAT RECEPTORS FIRE AS IT TOUCHES BUT STOP. WHAT RECEPTORS CONTINUE FIRING TO LET YOU KNOW SOMETHING IS STILL ON YOUR HAND?
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MEISSNER'S AND PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
MERKEL'S AND RUFFINI |
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DOES THE PAIN AND TEMPERATURE SYSTEM HAVE SPECIALIZED RECEPTOR ORGANS?
WHAT DOES IT USE FOR RECEPTORS |
NO
FREE NERVE ENDINGS |
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WHAT ARE TWO TYPES OF FREE NERVE ENDING USED IN PAIN AND TEMP SYSTEM?
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NOCICEPTORS- FOR PAIN
THERMORECEPTORS FOR TEMPERATURE SENSATIONS |
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WHERE ARE THE FREE NERVE ENDINGS FOUND? AND WHAT DO THEY PERCEIVE
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SKIN, MUSCLE, BONE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
THEY PERCEIVE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND PAIN PEPTIDES |
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PAIN WILL RESULT AS DAMAGE TO A FREE NERVE ENDING HOWEVER, MOST PAIN IS A RESULT OF SUBSTANCES RELEASED. WHAT ARE THEY?
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PROSTAGLANDINS
HISTAMINE SUBSTANCE P |
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FREE NERVE ENDING HAVE RECEPTORS FOR THESE SUBSTANCES RELEASED AS A RESULT OF DAMAGED TISSUE. WHAT ARE THEY?(3)
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PROSTAGLANDINS
HISTAMINE SUBSTANCE P |
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION RELIES ON RECEPTORS FOUND WHERE?
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MUSCLE AND JOINTS
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WHAT IS THE MAJOR STRETCH RECEPTOR IN THE MUSCLES?
WHAT TWO COMPONENTS DOES IT HAVE? |
MUSCLE SPINDLE
RAPID AND SLOW ADAPTING RECEPTORS LIKE CUTANEOUS RECEPTOS |
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WHAT TWO STRUCTURES OF PROPRIOCETIVE SENSATION ARE FOUND TO MONITOR STRESSES AND FORCES AT TENDONS AND JOINTS? (2)
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GOLGI TENDON ORGAN AND JOINT AFFERENTS
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NAME FOUR MECHANORECEPTORS
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PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
MEISSNERS CORPUSCLE MERKEL'S DISK RUFFINI'S ENDING |
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NAME FOUR NOCICEPTORS
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MECHANICAL NOCICEPTORS
THERMAL NOCICEPTOR CHEMICALLY SENSITIVE, MECHANICALLY POLYMODAL NOCICEPTORS |
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NAME TWO THERMORECEPTORS
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COLD AND WARM RECEPTORS
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NAME TWO PROPRIOCEPTORS
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MUSCLE SPINDLES
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS |
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NAME RECEPTORS THAT ARE FAST RECEPTORS THAT ARE ADAPTING WITH LARGE RECEPTIVE FIELDS FOR SIGNIFYING THE BEGINNING AND END OF GROSS SOMATOSENSATIONS
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PACINI CORPUSCLES
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NAME THE FAST ADAPTING WITH SMALL RECEPTIVE FIELDS TO SIGNIFY THE BEGINNING AND END OF FINE SOMATOSENSATIONS
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MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES
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NAME THE RECEPTORS THAT ARE SLOW ADAPTING WITH SMALL RECEPTIVE FIEDLS TO SIGNIFY SUSTAINED AND FINE SOMATOSENSATIONS?
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MERKEL'S DISK
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NAME THE RECEPTOR THAT IS SLOW ADAPTING WITH LARGE RECEPTIVE FIELDS TO SIGNIFY SUSTAINED AND GROSS SOMATOSENSATIONS?
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RUFFINI'S ENDING
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RECEPTOR THAT RESPNDS TO STRONG PRESSURE AND SHARP OBJECTS?
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MECHANICAL NOCICEPTOR
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RECEPTOR THAT RESPONDS TO BURNING HEAT OR EXTREME COLD
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THERMAL NOCICEPTOR
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RECEPTOR THAT RESPONDS TO EXTREME PH AND TO IRRITANTS
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CHEMICALLY SENSITIVE AND MECHANICALLY INSENSITIVE NOCICEPTORS
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RECEPTOR THAT RESPONDS TO COMBINATIONS OF MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND CHEMICAL STIMULI
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POLYMODAL NOCICEPTORS
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RECEPTORS THAT RESPOND TO TEMPS BETWEEN 30 AND 45 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
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WARM RECEPTORS
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RECEPTORS THAT RESPONDS TO TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 10 AND 35 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
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COLD RECEPTORS
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RECEPTORS THAT MEASURE THE LENGTH AND RATE OF STRETCH OF MUSCLES?
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MUSCLE SPINDLES
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RECEPTORS THAT GAUGE THE FORCE GENERATED BY A MUSCLE BY MEASURING THE TENSION IN THE TENDONS?
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GOLGI TENDON ORGANS
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THE LARGER THE NERVE FIBER DIAMETER, THE ______ THE RATE OF TRANSMISSION OF THE SIGNAL
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FASTER
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VELOCITY OF RECEPTOR TRANSMISSION CAN BE AS FAST AS ____ M/SEC AND SLOW AS _____ M/SEC
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120
0.5 |
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WHAT TYPE OF NERVE FIBER IS MYELINATED, VARIOUS SIZES, AND FAST SPEED
SUBDIVIDED INTO (4) |
TYPE A
ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA AND DELTA? GREEK LETTERS PAGE 9 |
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WHAT TYPE OF FIBER IS SYMPATHETIC?
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TYPE C
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WHAT TYPE OF FIBER IS UMYELINATED, SMALL,AND SLOW TRANSMISSION SPEED?
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TYPE C
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WHAT ARE THE LARGEST AND FASTEST TRANSMISSION RECEPTORS? THESE INCLUDE PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEURONS SUCH AS STRETCH RECEPTORS.
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A ALPHA (GREEK)
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THE SECOND LARGEST GROUP OF TRANSMISSION RECEPTORS IS CALLED? ___ IT INCLUDES ALL OF THE DISCRIMINATIVE TOUCH RECEPTORS.
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A BETA (GREEK)
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PAIN AND TEMPERATURE TRANSMISSION RECEPTORS INCLUDE THE THIRD AND FOURTH GROUPS WHAT ARE THEY?
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A DELTA
AND C FIBERS SEE PAGE 9 |
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?TWO SUBTYPES OF PAIN
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-FAST PAIN CARRIED BY *A DELTA* FIBERS
-SLOW PAIN CARRIED BY THE C FIBERS |
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WHAT IS THE TYPE OF PAIN THAT IS INSTANTANEOUS, MAKE ARM JERK BACK BEFORE YOU REALIZED YOU WERE BURNED?
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FAST PAIN,
IT IS SHARP AND PIERCING AND OVER QUICKLY IT DOES TRIGGER WITHDRAWAL REFLEXES |
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WHAT FIBERS ARE UNMYELINATED AND SLOW. THE ONLY SENSORY AXONS WITHOUT MYELIN. SLOW PAIN CAN GO INDEFINITELY.
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C FIBERS
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WHAT ARE QUALITIES OF SLOW PAIN? EXAMPLE STUBBING YOUR TOE.
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MEDIATED BY TISSUE DAMAGE PEPTIDES.
CAN GO INDEFINITELY DISTRESSING DULL AND ACHING DOES NOT TRIGGER WITHDRAWAL REFLEXES |
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(PHYSIOLOGIC AND SENSORY PATHWAYS:)
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT INFORMATION FROM A SOMATIC RECEPTOR? |
IT DECUSSATES
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WHAT DOES DECUSSATES MEAN
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TO CROSS IN THE FORM OF AN X.
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MOST OF THE INPUT FROM SOMATIC RECEPTORS ON ONE SIDE OF THE BODY DECUSSATES TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE CNS BEFORE_________.
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ASCENDING TO THE THALAMUS
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FROM THE THALAMUS, WHERE DOES SOMATIC SENSORY INFORMATION GO?
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IT PROCEEDS TO THE SOMATOSENSORY (PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX)CORTEX OF THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS IN THE PARIETAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM
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WHERE DOES THE SENSORY INPUT BECOMES CONSCIOUS(PERCEPTION)?
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IN CORTICAL REGION (SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX OF THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS IN THE PARIETAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM)
REVIEW DIAGRAM ON SENSORY PATHWAYS SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT AND POSTERIOR COLUMS p11 |
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HOW MANY NEURONS ARE NEEDED TO GET MESSAGES FROM BODY SURFACE TO CORTEX?
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A SERIES OF 3
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WHAT DOES THE "FIRST ORDER NEURON" DO?
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CARRIES INPUT FROM SKIN TO CNS(SPINAL CORD)
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FIRST ORDER NEURON:
3 SPECIFICS |
-SENSITIVE TO EXTERNAL STIMULUS(DENDRITES)
-SOMA IS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA -AXON ENTER CNS & SYNAPSES ON 2ND NEURON |
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SECOND ORDER NEURON:FUNCTION AND UNIQUENESS? (
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-AXon oF 2ND NEURON DESSUCATES TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF CNS AND CARRIES INPUT UP THE CORD TO THE THALAMUS. ALSO SENDS A BRANCH TO RETICULAR FORMATION TO AROUSE US.
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WHICH IS THE NEURON THAT DESSUCATES TO OPPOSITE SIDE OF CNS?
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SECOND ORDER NEURON
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WHAT ARE THE TWO KEY PATHWAYS THAT MEDIATE CONSCIOUS SENSATIONS?
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-DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMNISCAL PATHWAY AND
-THE ANTEROLATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAYS. |
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WHAT ARE OTHER NAMES FOR THE DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMNISCAL PATHWAY?(3)
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DORSAL-LEMNISCAL
DORSAL COLUMN POSTERIOR COLUMN |
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WHAT ARE OTHER NAMES FOR THE ANTEROLATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAYS?(3)
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TWO PATHWAYS
LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS VENTRAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS |
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DORSAL COLUMN MEDIATES WHAT SENSATIONS?(3)
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-DESCRMININATIVE (DETAILED, FINE) TOUCH
-PROPRIOCEPTION(LIMB POSITION/MOTION SENSE) -VIBRATION |
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SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAYS MEDIATE? (3)
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-PAIN
-TEMPERATURE AND -GROSS TOUCH |
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WHAT DOES DCML STAND FOR?
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DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIALLEMNISCAL PATHWAY
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WHAT DOES VPN STAND FOR?
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VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS
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THE DCML PATH AXONS SYNAPSE ON _______OF THE THALAMUS. THE VPN THEN PROJECTS TO THE______.
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VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS(VPN)
PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX OR S1 |
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THE SPINOTHALAMIC NEURONS SYNAPSE ON THE VPN(VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS)ON WHAT SMALL AREA?
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THE INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS
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THE DORSAL ROOT AXON OF THE DORSAL COLUMN CONTAINS WHAT 3 KINDS OF FIBERS?
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A ALPHA
A BETA AND A DELTA |
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THE DORSAL ROOT AXON OF THE LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT CONTAINS WHAT 2 KINDS OF FIBERS?
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A DELTA AND
C |
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THE BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DCML AND THE SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAY IS________.
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THE LEVEL OF DOCUSATION
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THE DCML PATH DOCUSSATES AT THE LEVEL OF THE _________.
THE SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT DOCUSSATES_________________. |
MEDULLA
MUCH EARLIER IN THE SPINAL CORD. p14 |
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SPINAL CORD CROSSETION DIAGRAM p15
DORSAL COLUMN IS MADE UP OF 2 FASCICULUS_______ AND _____ |
GRACILIS
CUNEATUS KNOW ALSO THE TRACT OF LISSAUER(DORSOLATERAL FASCICULUS) |
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THE DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL MEMNISACAL)DCML PATHWAY ENTERS THE SPINAL CORD VIA THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION
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DORSAL ROOT GANGLION
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THE DCML PATHWAY FIBERS ENTER _______ WHERE SOME SHORT DESCENDING FIBERS AE GIVEN OFF TO FORMREFLEX PATHWAYS.
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IPSILATERAL
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WHAT TWO TRACTS DO DCML PATHWAY USE TO IMPULSES UP THE SPINAL CORD? ALSO IDENTIFIED AS FIRST ORDER NEURON
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FASCICULUS GRACILIS
FASCICULUS CUNEATIS ALSO CALLED FIRST ORDER NEURON |
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DCML
FIBERS FROM THE LOWER EXTREMITIES(T7 OR BELOW)ASCENT IN THE________ |
FASCICULUS GRACILIS
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DCML:
FIBERS FROM THE UPPER EXTREMITIES (ABOVE T7)ASCEND IN THE ___________. |
FASCICULUS CUNEATIS
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FIRST ORDER NEURON SENSATION TRAVEL UPWARDS ON THE IPSILATERAL SIDE OF THE SPIAL CORD BEFORE CROSSING OVER INTHE ______TO THE CONTRA-LATERAL________AND PRIMARY SENSORY_______.
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BRAINSTEM
THALAMUS CORTEX p16 |
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DORSAL (POSTERIOR)COLUMNS (SENSATION FORM SAME SIDE OF BODY)HAS TWO AREAS, NAME THEM?
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CUNEATE FASCICULUS(DISCRIMINATE TOUCH, PROPRIOCEPTION UPPER LIM)
GRACILE FASCICULUS(DISCRIMINATE TOUCH, LOWER LIMB) |
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DCML PATHWAY:
____NEURONS SYNAPSE ONTO SECOND ORDER NEURONS IN THE _________ AND ________OF THE MEDULA(THE DORSAL COLUMN NUCLEI). |
FIRST ORDER
NUCLEUS GRACILIS AND NUCLEUS CUNEATIS |
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_________FIBERS THEN DECUSSATE TO ASCEND CONTRA-LATERALLY IN THE _____AND SYNAPSE WITH THE CONTRA-LATERAL _______.
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SECOND ORDER
MEDIAL LEMNISCUS THALAMUS |
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THE___NEURONS ARE LOCATED INTHE VENTAL POSTEROLATERAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS, AND PROJECT THROUGH THE ____OF THE INTERNAL CAPSULE TOTHE ____ _____ IN THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
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THIRD ORDER
POSTERIOR LIMB SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX |
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INTEGRITY OF DCML PATHWAY IS ASSESSED DURING SURGICAL PROCEDURES(SPINE, CAROTID, OR CRANIAL ANEURISM)USING WHAT?
SSEP MONITORING DETECTS WHAT? |
SSEP-SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIAL
POSTERIOR(DORSAL)CORD ISCHEMIA(PRIMARY GRACILIS OR CUNEATUS TRACTS)OR BRAIN ISCHEMIA. |
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DAMAGE TO THE DORSAL COLUMN (DCML)PATHWAY RESULTS IN FOUR CHANGES. WHAT ARE THEY?
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-LOSS OF ABILITY TO CONSCIOUSLY PERCEIVE THE POSITION AND MOVEMENT OF TEH ISPISLATERAL LIMB BELOW LEVEL OF DAMAGE.
-IMPAIRED MUSCLE CONTROL -LOSS OF VIBRATION SENSATION -LOSS OF DISCRIMINATORY TOUCH BELOW LESION LEVEL |
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(DAMAGE TO DCML)BELOW LEVEL OF LESION ON LEFT LEG (P19), THERE WILL BE LOSS OF SENSE OF ? (3)
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-TOUCH
-PROPRIOCEPTION -VIBRATION IN THE LEFT LEG |
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THE ASCENDING PATHWAY IS?
THE DESCENDING PATHWAY IS? MOTOR OR SENSORY |
-SENSORY
-MOTOR |
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THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS FUNCTION IS TO?
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CARRY SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE BODY INTO THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
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THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS FUNCTION IS TO?
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CONTROL MOTOR FUNCTIONS.
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WHERE DO AXONS THAT FORM THE ASCENDING PATHWAYS TERMINATE?
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TERMINATE ON NERVE CELLS IN THE SENSORY REGION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE BRAIN
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THE NERVE CELL bodies THAT CONTROL MOVEMENT LIE WHERE?
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THEY LIE IN THE MOTOR REGION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE BRAIN.
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what does VPN mean?
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ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
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Name three of the fast type of receptors?
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smell
touch pressure |
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Name three of the slow type receptors
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pain
proprioception chemoreceptors |
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___________is a key property of a receptor, it underlines the most importan coding mechanism, the_______________
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SPECIFICITY
labeled line principle |
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Where do A delta and C fibers enter the dorsal cord?
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dorsal root ganglion
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what kind of sensation (modality) are A alpha fibers responsible for?
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proprioception and stretch
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what kind of sensation (modality) are A beta fibers responsible for?
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discriminative touch
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what kind of sensation (modality) are A delta fibers responsbile for?
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pain and temperature
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