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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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IQ
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intelligence quotient
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reification
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viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing
ex: "she has an IQ of 120" instead of " She scored 120 on the intelligence test" |
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Intelligence test
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a method for assessing an individual mental aptitude and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores
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Intelligence
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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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general intelligence
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(g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on intelligence test |
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Factor analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score
spearman believed a common skill set, the g factor, underlies all of our intelligent behavior |
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L. L Thurstone
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identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)
He thought that people who excelled in one of the seven clusters generally scored well on the others |
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Satoshi Kanazawa
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argued that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligence that helps people solve novel problems
He thought that general intelligence scores do correlate with the mental ability to solve various novel problems not with the individual skills in evolutionarily familiar situations |
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evolutionarily familiar situations
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type of intelligence (social)
marrying and parenting, forming close friendships, displaying social competence, and navigating without maps. |
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Howard Gardner
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views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in packages
studies people with diminished or exceptional abilities (brain damage) people have multiple intelligences |
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Savant Syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing
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10-year rule
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a common ingredient of expert performance in chess, dancing, sports, computer programming, music, and medicine is "about 10 years of intense, daily practice"
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gardners eight intelligences
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Linguistic
Logical-mathmatical Musical Spatial Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal (self) Interpersonal (other people) Naturalist |
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Sternberg three intelligence
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Analytical (academic problem solving) Intelligence - well-defined problems having a single right answer
Creative Intelligence- reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas Practical Intelligence |
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social intelligence
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the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
-Perceive Emotion- to recognize them in faces,music,stories -understand emotion- to predict them and how they change and blend -manage emotion- to know how to express them in varied situations -use emotion to enable adaptive or creative thinking |
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Relationship between brain size and intelligence
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-correlation of +.33 in size to intelligence score
-highly intelligent people have higher neural plasticity -higher intelligence is linked with having more grey matter (neural cell bodies and white matter (axons and dendrites) ` |
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neural plasticity
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their ability during childhood and adolescence to adapt and grow neural connections in response to their environment
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quick-wittedness
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the speed of perception and the speed of neural processing of information
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relation between perceptual speed and intelligence score
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the correlation between intelligence score and the speed of taking in perceptual info tend to be about +.3 to +.5
those who perceive very quickly tend to have higher intelligence scores |
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Masking Image
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another image that overrides the lingering afterimage of incomplete stimulus
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Francis Galton
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wanted to measure human traits
his measures to measure intelligence didn't work nature v. nurture |
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Alfred Binet
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metal age
He theorized that mental aptitude is a general capacity that shows up in various ways he wanted to identify children that would need extra help in school |
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mental age
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the level of performance typically associated with a certain chronological age
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Lewis Terman
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extended the upper end of the test range form teenager to "superior adults"
Renamed the test to "Stanford-Binet" |
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Intelligence quotient (IQ)
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IQ= mental age/ chronological age x 100
the original formula works well for children but not for adults now they represent the test-takers performance relative to the average performance of others the same age |
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Eugenics
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a movement thats purpose was to measure human traits and use the results to encourage only the smart and fit people to reproduce
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Achievement Tests
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tests designed to access what a person has learned
reflects on what you know |
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Aptitude Test
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tests designed to predict a person future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn & predict your ability to learn a new skill |
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test, contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
test for children ( WISC) has separate score for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed always teachers to see strength and weaknesses of their students to help them |
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Standardization
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the process of defining meaningful scores relative to pretested groups
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group |
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normal curve
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the symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
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Reliability
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the extent to which a test yield consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
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Validity
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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Content Validity
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
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Predictive Validity
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict, it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
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intellectually disability
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(mental retardation)
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life, varies from mild to profound |
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Down Syndrome
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a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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those implicitly labeled "ungifted" may be influenced to become so
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mild intelligence level
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50-70
may learn academic skills up to 6th grade may achieve self-supported social and vocational skills |
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moderate intellectual disability level
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35-50
may progress to 2nd level academically |
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severe intellectual disability level
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20-35
may learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under supervision |
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Profound intellectual disability level
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below 20
require constant aid and supervision |
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appropriate developmental placement
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placing children to each of their childs talents
allows for the promotion of equity and excellence for all |
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twins and adopted siblings
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identical twins - similar intelligence scores
have similar gray matter volume fraternal twins- less similar intelligence scores |
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Heritability
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the variation in intelligence test scores attributed to genetic factors
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tutored human enrichment
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Hunt's program
caregivers played language fostering games |
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Gender Similarities
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Spelling- Females better
Verbal Ability- females excel at verbl fluency and remembering words Nonverbal Memory- Females have an edge in remembering and locating objects Sensation- Females are more sensitive to touch,taste,and oder Emotional-detecting ability- Females are better emotion detectors Math and Spatial aptitudes- females are better at math computation but males are better at problem solving Greater Male Variability- males mental ability scores to vary more than females |
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Bias in Intelligence Tests
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Intelligence test measure your developed abilities which reflect in part your education and experience
Whether or not the test is valid and predicts future behavior for some groups of test takers |
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Stereotype Threat
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a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
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