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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Humanistic Script
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Humanist scholars adopted Humanistic derived from the Carolingian hand. (They believed it was Roman) Humanistic Cursive for everyday writing.
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Representation (On Flat Surface)
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Illusion of space, illusion of volume, illusion of 3D, naturalism.
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Graphic Arts
Printed Block Books |
Inexpensive woodcut print for people who couldn’t afford illuminated manuscripts. Woodcut printing became popular. Increased production of paper. Oil based inks.
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Johann Gutenberg
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Letterpress. Printing from individual movable pieces of cast type in metal. Forty-two lines Bible. (Resembles a handwritten manuscript inspired in the Giant Bible of Mainz).Display initials painted by hand. 1457
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Schoeffer and Fust
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Mainz Psalter. First book in which the display initials were printed in color rather than painted by hand
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Conread Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz
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First roman typeface based on Humanistic letterforms. 1470: Nicholas Jenson perfected the roman typeface. c.1499 (Venice)
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Aldus Manutius
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Aldus Manutius introduced the small format book (octavo) that would replace the large tomes traditionally read aloud at a lectern.
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Francesco Griffo
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designed several tipefaces, among them the Cancelleresca Corsiva, first italic typeface. Jenson and Griffo credited with making roman type dominant in Europe (except Germany, Scandinavia and the Slavic countries).
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Printing in England
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1478 William Caxton printed Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales using gothic typeface.
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The Golden Age of French Printing
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1505 Henri Estienne combined the French sense of clarity and order with the high standards of Manutius and the Venetian school of printing. 1542
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Simon De Colines
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made an integration of type and illustration (Orontii).
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Robert Estienne
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Published many fine editions of ancient classics as well as Bibles and dictionaries. C. 1556
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Robert Granjon
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designed a calligraphic typeface, called Civilite, based on the gothic cursive handwriting.
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Claude Garamond
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designed the first matching roman and italic typefaces. Garamond liberated type design from its dependence on calligraphic forms allowing the metal to “dictate” the letterforms. He designed the typeface known as Grec du Roi commissioned by Francois I. c. 1549
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Geofroy Tory
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produced Champs Fleury to promote his belief that roman capitals should be based on the proportions of the ideal human body.
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Printing Techniques: Intaglio
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(Printing from a metal plate on which the image was sunk below the surface, in contrast to Gutenberg’s letterpress and woodblocks, which were printed from a raised surface)
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Printing in France
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Louis XIV ordered the Academy of Sciences to create the perfect typeface for the use of the Imprimerie Royale. A committee of academicians headed by a mathematician created a grid of more than 2,000 tiny squares, over which the character was drawn. 1693: the cutting of the type was given to Philippe Grandjean. The type was called was called Romain du Roi.
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Early Newspapers
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regular publication: 1609 Germany, Holland. 1702 America’s first successful newspaper : Boston News-letter.
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Lythography
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Developed by Aloys Senefelder, 1798
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Printing Techniques-Mezzotint
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(L. von Siegen, 1642); Steel Engraving (J. Perkins. Intaglio from a steel plate instead of copper); Wood Engraving (Th. Bewick. Cut on the end grain of the extremely hard boxwood)
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The Mechanization of Papermaking
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--1798 France, Nicholas Louis Robert; 1803 England, Brian Donkin; 1827 America, New York.
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Printing in America
Benjamin Franklin |
became familiar with Baskerville, Fournier, Didot, Bodoni but his preference seems to have been for Old Style Caslon. Declaration of Independence (set in Caslon).
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Printing in Italy
Giambattista |
design of typefaces (similar to Didot’s typefaces. However Bodoni and not Didot is associated with modern typeface design). Manuele typografico. Printing of folios of Horace and Virgil.
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Firmin Didot
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first modern typeface (extreme contrast between the thick and thin strokes and unbracketed hairline serifs. Combined Baskervillee with French Neoclassical sense). Didot designed the book Oeuvres de Jean Racine. 1751: publication of Denis Diderot’s great Encyclopedie.
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Printing in France-Pierre Simon Fournier
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First point system for measuring type. 1764: Fourier published the Manuel typographique.
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John Baskerville
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design of letterforms. First use of wove paper. Publications: Virgil (1757), Paradise Regained (1759).
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Printing in England
William Caslon |
roman and italic typefaces.
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