Test

Front 1

Direct Realism

Back 1

Objects exist independently of the mind, we perceive them as they really are. Objects consist of matter.

Front 2

Issues with Direct Realism

Back 2

1.Perceptual Variation

2.Illusion

3.Hallucination

4.Time Lag

Hint 2

4

Front 3

Explain Criticism of Perceptual Variation

Back 3

Berkeley stated:

1.true cloud colour cannot be determined,different from different perspectives.

Russell:

1.a table has no one colour because it changing depending on perspective.

Locke:

1.cold and warm hand react differently to the same temp water

Leibniz response: states this is a fault of our bodies, as temperature is not a tangible property. Our bodies only respond to the difference in temp, not itself.

Table response: DR'S would argue that we are still perceiving a table only in different light.

Front 4

Explain the criticism of Illusion

Back 4

States that our senses are subject to illusions. E.g. straw in water

Response: we sre the ones misperceiving reality

Front 5

Criticisms against Idealism

Back 5

Illusion/Hallucination

Continued existence of things

Regularity of universe

Trap of solipsism

Use of God as explication

Front 6

Explain the Criticism from Hallucination

Back 6

It may not be possible to distinguish reality from Hallucination.

Responses:

1. We can disprove hallucination through attempting to interact with it.

2.does not really disprove DR as we never really perceive hallucinations as they only exist in the mind.

E.x. Dreams

Rene descartes stated that while dreams are less clear than reality, he has been tricked before "his dreams are more probable than the reality of the insane"

Therefore as a whole we cannot distinguish dream from reality. He is so suprised of this that he could be dreaming right now.

Front 7

Explain the Criticism from Time Lag

Back 7

We can never perceive the world as it is right now as there is a small time lag between us and objects.

E.x. 1. the crab nebula

2. Russell 's sun - could cease to exist without our knowledge for 8 minutes.

Response- this means we simply directly see how objects were not how they are.

Front 8

Indirect Realism

Back 8

States that world consists of material objects made of matter. These object possess cerian independently existing properties.objects cause us to become aware of their sense data. We are aware of the way they appear in our minds, not how they are ein real life. Therefore a mental component in involved in perception. Sensations are a representation of the external world.

Support: 1.descartes states that heat is not in the fire itself, relating to primary and secondary qualities. We only know it causes heat and pain.

2.locke states that primary and secondary qualities can be likened to the image of a flower we have in our minds and how it is in reality.

Front 9

Lockes 4 points of Indirect Realism

Back 9

1. Primary properties have geometric or mathematical measurements and are objective.

2. Science helps to prove the argument eg objects are made of particles which we do not see,light is not coloured.

3. An object would not be imaginable without it essential primary qualities. Secondary qualities are inessential.

4.Primary qualities are accessible to more than one sense.

Front 10

Issues with Indirect Realism

Back 10

1. Scepticism about nature of the external world

2. Veil of Perception, scepticism about existence of world

Front 11

Explain the Criticism from Scepticism about the nature of the external world

Back 11

If we can only be aware of a representation of reality in our minds how can we be sure that this is near the real external world.

If we can doubt primary prop, we can doubt secondary qualities.

We are limited by our interpretations, we cannot prove the link between sense data and external world.

Front 12

The 3 types of knowledge

Back 12

Practical, Propositional and Acquaintance

Front 13

Conditions for the tripartite view

Back 13

Truth, Belief and Justification

Front 14

Necessary and Sufficient conditions

Back 14

X is a necessary condition of Y if without X you cannot have Y.