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252 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kinds of hormones are hydrophobic?
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steroids and thyroids
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what kinds of hormones can penetrate membrane?
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hydrophobic hormones (lipid)
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which hormones have receptors on cell surface?
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hydrophilic hormones
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What is the second messenger hydrophilic hormones use?
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ca++ and cAMP
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what can u inactivate cAMP with?
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phospodiestrase
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Responses evoked by lipid soluble hormones are usually
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slow, because , receptor travels to DNA and activates synthesis of proteins
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pituitary gland is near the
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hypothalamus and attached by pituitary stalk
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what secretes tsh and growth hormone?
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anterior lobe
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what secretes adh and oxytocin?
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posterior lobe
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what is the interface bw nervous and endocrine system?
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pituitary gland
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What causes you to lose weight, tan and libido?
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intermediate msh hormone
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what is difference between anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary?
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anterior-epithelial tissue in back of throat during development
posterior pituitary-develops from brain, hypothalamus, axons and released into blood |
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what hormones are on the posterior pituitary gland?
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oxytocin and adh
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what causes muscle contract during birth?
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oxytocin
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what is social bonding hromone?
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oxyyocin
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triggered by sex during orgasm?
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oxytocin
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what hormone uses osmarecepter?
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adh
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what condition arises from lack of adh?
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diabetes insipidus
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what is the water conservation hormone?
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adh
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what hormones are on the anterior pituitary gland?
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trophic hormone and cortisol
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what maintains health of target gland?
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trophic hormone
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what part of brain produced trophic?
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hypothalamus
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what is the portal vessel, carrying blood from one capillary bed to another?
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trophic hormone
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how is thyroid hormone secretion regulated
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negative feedback: thyroid inhibits anterior pituitary and hypo to lower trh and tsh
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where is thyroid gand located?
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larynx
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what are the numbers of thyroids based on? t3 and 4
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iodine
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what regulates basal met rate?
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thyroid hormone
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what regulates Na and K pump in membrane of bmr?
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thyroid
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if development of this hormone is disturbed, what can it cause?
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cretinism
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what regulates potassium pumps on membrane?
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thyroid hormone
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what is deficiency of thyroid?
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hypothyroid, from iodine deficiency
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what is too much of thyroid?
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hyperthyroid
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what causes grow of goiter?
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hypothyroid (underproduction)
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what is autoimmunte attack on thyroid?
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hashimotos
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what causes weight gain and poor appetite, low body temp, lack of energy?
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hypothyroid
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what causes weight loss, anxiousness?
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hyperthyroid
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what is graves disease?
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hyperthyroid autoimmune
activates release of tsh and overstimulates gland |
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what causes exophtalamus?
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hyperthyroidism
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what is a treatment of hyperthyroid?
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ablation and removal of thyroid gland
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what hormone has biggest effects on protein metabolism?
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cortisol
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what does the adrenal cortex release?
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cortisol
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what inhibits inflammation
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cortisol
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what elevates blood pressure
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cortisol
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growth hormone regulated by
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anterior pituitary
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what causes growth of muscles?
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hgh
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what does heavy exercise release?
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hgh
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high levels of protein can inhibit???? with negative feedback
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hgh
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where exactly in brain are pitauitary gland hormones located?
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sella turcica of sphenoid
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What hormones not regulated by pituitary gland?
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parathyroid, calcitonin, aldosterone, insulin
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what elevates serum ca?
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parathyroid
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what hormone increases blood calcium ion in bones, kidneys?
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parathyroid
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bone breakdown?
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parathyroid
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parathyroid hormone regulates what chemical in body?
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ca
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if calcium level too high, what releases hormones to lower?
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parathyroid gland
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what triggers release of vitamin D
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parathyroid
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what lowers serum ca?
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calcitonin
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Homeostasis of blood calcium levels is maintained through
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calcitonin and parathyroid
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when calcium level in blood too high, what lowers it?
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calcitonin
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what causes growth of fetus and milk ?
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calcitonin
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if u have low serum ca, what hormone brings it up?
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parathyroid
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what is released from adrenal cortex?
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aldosterone
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what controls na and k?
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aldosterone
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what causes conversion of na in urine?
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aldosterone
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if k is too high, what hormone released?
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aldosterone
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kidney releases ??? in respnse to low blood pressure
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RENIN
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what hormone causes sodium and water retention?
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aldosterone
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what causes inccreased blood pressure?
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aldosterone from raising na
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drugs for blood pressure inhibit ???
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aldosterone
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what hormone found in pancreas?
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insulin
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what lowers serum glucose?
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insulin
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what leads to higher serum glucose?
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glucagen
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what kind of cell produce insulin
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beta cells
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what is mechanism of insulin?
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lowers serum glucose by allowing glucose to enter tissues
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what is insulin dependent?
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diabetes 1 mellititis
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what causes destruction of beta cells
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diabetes 1
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what form is 10 percent of cases?
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diabetes 1
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what kind of diabetes leads to insulin receptors desensitization
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diabetes m 2
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high blood sugar aka
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hyperglycemia symptom of diabetes
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high glucose in urine aka
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glucose urea, symptom of diabetes
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poly urea leads to
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increased urination
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too much insulin can cause?
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hypoglycemia
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what hormones are soluble in lipids and can enter any cell?
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steroid and thyroid
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what is the binding site?
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non steroid hormone combine w receptor in target cell
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average liters of blood in body?
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5 liters
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what determines rbc percent?
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hematocrit
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blood cells come from?
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bone marrow
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average liters of blood in body?
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5 liters
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what determines rbc percent?
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hematocrit
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plasma is what percent in blood?
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55
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what consists of buffing coat in hemato?
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wbc and platelets
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blood cells come from?
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bone marrow
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plasma is what percent in blood?
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55
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what is an erthrocyte?
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rbc
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what consists of buffing coat in hemato?
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wbc and platelets
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diameter of rbc?
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7.5m
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what is an erthrocyte?
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rbc
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diameter of rbc?
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7.5m
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•Function of biconcave disk shape:
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that oxygen is readily available for fusion. Also, bend in middle allows to pass through surface of small capillaries
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what percent of hemoglobin in rbc
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1/3
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what is cyanosis
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Deoxyhemoglobin-no oxygen, duller red
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How many rbc does blood contain?
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• Micrometer 5 x 10^6 ml (5 million)***
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what is the protein hemoglobin?
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. Red blood cells circulate through the lungs and the hemoglobin in these cells pick up (bind with) oxygen.
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stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC????
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erythroparietan
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what organ releases erythroparietan
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kidney
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average life span of RBC
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120 days
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As red blood cells wear out in the bloodstream, they are taken in by what organ?
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spleen
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what leads from deficiency of hemoglobin?
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anemia
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what is hemophagic?
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blood loss
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what is • B12 deficiency called
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pernicious anemia, autoimmune
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what is loss of intrinsic factor called?
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• Atrophic gastritis
( loss of gastric mucosal folds and thinning of the gastric mucosa.) |
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wbc also called
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leukocytes
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Wbc count:
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7 x 10^3 ml (7000)
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what is hemophagic?
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blood loss
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what is • B12 deficiency called
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pernicious anemia, autoimmune
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what is loss of intrinsic factor called?
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• Atrophic gastritis
( loss of gastric mucosal folds and thinning of the gastric mucosa.) |
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wbc also called
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leukocytes
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Wbc count:
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7 x 10^3 ml (7000)
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what turns purple when stained
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BASOPHILS
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what turns blue when stained
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neutrophils
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what turns orange when stained
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EOSINOPHILS
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what wbc attacks BACTERIAL INFECTION, LOBED NUCLEUS, MOST COMMON
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neutrophils
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what wbc attacks PARASITIC INFECTIONS/most common ALLERGIES
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eosinophils
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what wbc release heparin and histamine
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basophils
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what wbc release t helper and b cells
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lymphocytes
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what wbc deals with viral infections
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MONOCTYES/AGRANULOCYTE-
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what wbc paired with acute infections?
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neutrophils
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what does heparin do
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anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting too quickly
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what does histamine do
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promotes blood flow to tissues
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whats involved in chronic infections (last in body for many months)
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monocytes
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what wbc dont have granules?
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monocytes (largest, eat bacteria and virus) and lymphocytes (t and b cells)
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what carries cell fragments
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platelets
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what part of blood gets sticky and clumps to form clot?
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platelet
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plasma is what percent water
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92% + lacks clotting elements
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what percent protein is blood
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8, made in LIVER
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what are the 2 plasma proteins?
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albumin and globulin
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what plasma protein is osmotically active?
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albumin
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what keep water in blod vessels?
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albumin
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what causes o Swelling of tissues due to inflow of plasma
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edema
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when u cant make albumin, leads to?
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edema
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what part of plasma happens when theres protein deficiency
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edema (inflammation)
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leaky blood vessels let albumin into tissues when there is
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inflammation
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how many kinds of globulins are there?
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alpha
beta gamma |
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what part of plasma responsible for transport
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alpha and beta, transport lipids in blood stream
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what is antibody in plasma?
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gamma
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another name for gamma
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immunoglobulin
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o Which molecules are the sources of most antibodies
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• Gamma globulin
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what generates to form a CLOT
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Fibrinogen
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• Platelets release factors that form a thread-like substance CALLED .... which forms a clot.
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FIBRIN
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Why is clotting important
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without it, blood would continue to flow from the vessel like a leaky hose! they are fibers important for blood clotting
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what does fibrin absorb?
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As a clot forms fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents the clotting reaction from spreading
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electrolytes, most commonly na, located in?
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plasma
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what is coagulation
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• Formation of blood clot
• Formation of fibrin strans o Produced by fibrogen |
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o Clotting cascade also known as
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magnification effect
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what molecule required in clotting cascade?
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CA
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What begins first clotting cascade reaction?
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Thromboplastin is released from injured cells and complexes with calcium
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what molecule is an anticoagulate?
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o EdTA-chelated (holds on to) the Ca so it inhibits clotting/anticoagulate
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what is the name of a bad clot
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thrombus, can lead to myocaridal infraction
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How do u inactivate stroke/myocardial?
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• Tpa and streptokinase are thrombolytic agents that break clots
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what is something inappropriate traveling in blood?
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embolism:
fat or air breaks loose and is carried away by the blood fl ow, |
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Name 2 anticoagulants
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edta and heparin
• heparin is used to prevent and treat deep vein clots, and clot blockages that form in atrial fibrillation. EDTA are used in various blood collection tubes to keep blood from clotting during blood draw |
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Antibodies
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proteins that are secreted as a result of the antigen provoked immune response. In short, antigens cause the disease and antibodies cure it.
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antigen
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target for antibody
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what is blood group a?
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antibody for b
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what is blood group b?
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antibody for a
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what is blood group o?
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have antibody a or b
universal donor, meaning no antibodies to be targeted by other antibodies |
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what is blood group ab?
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o Neither anti a or anti B
universal recipient, |
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where are antigen and antibody located
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o the antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma
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problem w rh antigen
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• Problem when theres a rh + father, rh- mother, and fetus becomes rh+
• Subsequent pregnancies makes anti rh and has rh+ chiold, then it attacks antigens of child |
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Which organ has the greatest role in synthesizing most blood nutrients?
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LIVER-most actively metabolic organ in the body and synthesizes most of the blood proteins and nutrients
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Who is at risk for developing a fatal Rh incompatibility?
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second Rh+ fetus of Rh- mother
Erythroblastosis fetalis. |
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Antibody never interacts w...
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rbc
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what is a clot that’s broken loose, blood clot in circulation
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thrombus
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whats most common protein in blood
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albumin
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EGTA-makes ca unavailable to act as
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anticoagulant
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what side of heart takes deox blood to the lungs to oxygenate
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right
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what side of heart takes blood and pumps it throughout the body
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left
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exchange between the blood and the cells of the body takes place in what???
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capillaries
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what part of heart branch into capillary beds that course throughout the heart walls and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood?
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coronary artery
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what heart covering is in surface of organs
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visceral pericardium
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what is between parietal and visceral laters?
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is pericardial cavity, which has lubricating liquid
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What is it called when there is a obstruction of coronary artery which after several days later, the damaged part breaks down, and blood from heart gets into pericardial cavity. Blood fills pericardial cavity and BLOCKS beating.
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cardiac tamplnade
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lining of inside of heart
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endocardium
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what is function of atria?
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fill the ventricles for blood storage
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what occurs when it is contracting so fast that no chance for filling to occur. Pumping faster and faster and becomes less efficient.
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ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
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what happens when the normal electrical pathway has become interrupted. it cause blood clots to form in the atria due to the turbulence of the blood.
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atrial fibrillation
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what can cause stroke
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atrial fibrillation
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what part of heart is the pumping chamber of the left side of the heart and is the most muscular portion of the heart.
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left ventricle
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what can cause heart attack?
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ventricular fibrillation
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what is an is an abnormal activity in lower chambers of the heart
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Ventricular fibrillation
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what is an uncoordinated contraction of the muscular bundles in ventricles, causing the loss of their pumping function
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Ventricular fibrillation
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what receives blood from
• 1). Inferior vena cava • 2). Superior vena cava • 3). Coronary sinus |
right atrium
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what receives blood from pulmonary veins?
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left atrium
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whats the difference bw av valves and semi lunar?
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• Av valves have chordae tendinae which is attached to papilary muscles
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what is the function of the valves?
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prevent the backward flow of blood. Valves are actually flaps (leaflets) that act as one-way inlets for blood coming into a ventricle and one-way outlets for blood leaving a ventricle. Each valve has three flaps (leaflets), except the mitral valve, which only has two flaps
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what exists to reinforce valves
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papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
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what happens when theres damage to valve?
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heart murmur, can get leakage
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what are 2 causes of heart murmur
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• rheumatic fever
• congenital heart murmurs |
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what can be consequence of strep throat/streptococcus?
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rheumatic fever
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what does streptococcus do?
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antibodies of streptococcus ALSO ATTACK heart valves causing damage to the valves. (cross reacting antibody)
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what does blood go to AFTER exiting right ventricle?
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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after pulmonary trunk, where does blood go?
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lungs
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what does blood do when goes to lungs?
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LUNGS and exchanges blood gases, acquires oxygen, and release carbon dioxide
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blood goes directly from lungs to
|
pulmonary veins
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what can be consequence of strep throat/streptococcus?
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rheumatic fever
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after pulmonary veins blood goes to left atrium
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eft atrium
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what does streptococcus do?
|
antibodies of streptococcus ALSO ATTACK heart valves causing damage to the valves. (cross reacting antibody)
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what is the pumping chamber
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LEFT VENTRICLE
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what does blood go to AFTER exiting right ventricle?
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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after left ventricle, blood goes to
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aortic sl valve then AORTA
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after pulmonary trunk, where does blood go?
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lungs
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Where does blood go after aorta?
|
, person then releases carbon dioxide, takes in oxygen, and process starts all over again
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what does blood do when goes to lungs?
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LUNGS and exchanges blood gases, acquires oxygen, and release carbon dioxide
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blood goes directly from lungs to
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pulmonary veins
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after pulmonary veins blood goes to left atrium
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eft atrium
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what is the pumping chamber
|
LEFT VENTRICLE
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after left ventricle, blood goes to
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aortic sl valve then AORTA
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Where does blood go after aorta?
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, person then releases carbon dioxide, takes in oxygen, and process starts all over again
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what node initiate and maintains cardiac rhythm. It is therefore called the pacemaker of the heart.
|
SA NODE
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what node set the rhythm of your heart contractions.
|
av node
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what node stimulated by cardiac impulses of sa node?
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av node
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signal of heart spontaneously generated by
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sinoatrial node
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what is role of parasympathetic nerves with the heart?
|
rate of SA node, (accelerate, inhibit)
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what signal stays in atria
|
sa node
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what node slows down
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av node
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Small fibers conduct impulses slowly because
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delay transmission of the impulse.
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where does the av node go after geting signal?
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(interventricular septum) to the APEX to signal ventricles
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what carries signal from the av node?
|
the purkinge fibers
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when there is a disruption in the electrical signal going down to the apex and up to the valves, it can CAUSE
|
HEART ATTACK
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What does ECG measure
|
Muscle signal is the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles
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what is depolarization of atria
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p wave
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what Travels through the coronary muscle, polarizes, and contracts
|
p wave
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what is depolarization of ventricles and repolarization of atria
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QRS Complex
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what is repolarization of ventricle
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t wave
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what is terminology of ecg when there is pumping and contractions
|
systole
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what is terminology of ech when theres filling and dialating
|
distole
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what is SPFD
|
SYSTOLIC PUMPING FILLING DISSTOLE
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why do u head heart sounds?
|
valve starts to close and the blood is squirting then u heart that sound.
|
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what sound do u hear with start of systole
|
lub
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what sound do u hear with start of disstole
|
dub
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what is LSDD
|
lub systole
dub disstole |
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what sound when going through av valves?
|
lub, systole
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what sound u heart when going through sv valves?
|
dub, disstole
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u see st depression during?
|
heart attack
qrs complex is depolarization, |
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what happens during myocardial infraction?
|
blood vessel broke so part of heart muscle is starved for oxygen and nutrients, which SLOWS THE SIGNAL DOWN
• Happens when coronary arteries are blocked, that’s what slows the signal |
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what blood vessel has elastic tissues and smooth muscle
-thick walls |
arteries
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what are pressure resoivoirs?
|
arteries
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what are exhange vessels?
|
capillaries
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what are veins known as?
|
volume resoivours
|
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what has thin walls and simple squamous?
|
capillaries
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what blood vessel has wider opening?
|
veins
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Venous Return associated with
|
skeletal muscle pump
|
|
|
this states that the greater the preload on cardiac muscle fibers before contraction, the stronger the force of contraction, and eventually it can become weak
|
Frank Starling law of the heart
|
