Test 5 Biology

Front 1

Asexual Reproduction

Back 1

Single Parent. Offspring is identical to parent,

Front 2

Regeneration

Back 2

Ex. Starfish

Front 3

Budding

Back 3

Ex. Sponge or anemone

Front 4

Sexual Reproduction

Back 4

Union of two haploid gametes to form a dipliod zygote. Allows for genetic variation.

Front 5

External fertilization

Back 5

Eggs and sperm are released into the environment, where they meet by chance.

Front 6

Internal Fertilization

Back 6

Sperm is passed directly to the female by copulation.

Front 7

External Female organs

Back 7

Labia Majora

Labia Minora

Hymen

Clitoris

Front 8

Labia Majora and Labia Minora

Back 8

Cover and protect the opening to the urinary system as well as the opening to the reproductive system.

Front 9

Hymen

Back 9

Thin membrane that covers the vaginal opening.

Front 10

Clitoris

Back 10

Involved with sexual arousal.

Front 11

Internal female organs

Back 11

Ovaries

Fallopian tubes/oviducts

uterus

cervix

vagina

Front 12

Ovaries

Back 12

Female gonads

Front 13

Fallopian tube/oviduct

Back 13

Connects ovary to uterus; where fertilization occurs.

Front 14

uterus

Back 14

Holds the developing embryo; highly elastic.

Front 15

Cervix

Back 15

Circular muscle at entrance to uterus.

Front 16

Gonad

Back 16

Gamete (egg) producing organ

Front 17

Vagina

Back 17

Pathway to the exterior for the baby; highly elastic.

Front 18

Ovary makes what hormones?

Back 18

Estrogen and Progesterone

Front 19

Scrotum

Back 19

Sac that contains the testes

Front 20

Testes

Back 20

Male gonad

Front 21

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 21

Where the sperm are produced inside the testes

Front 22

Epididymus

Back 22

Where sperm complete the development

Front 23

Sperm Path

Back 23

Vas deferan - tube that connects epididymus to urethra that leads to the outside world.

Front 24

Seminal vesicals

Back 24

Nutrient solution to nourish sperm

Front 25

Prostate

Back 25

Produces alkaline solution that helps protect sperm from acidity,

Front 26

Cowpers gland

Back 26

Mucus like lubricant solution.

Front 27

Male Hormones

Back 27

Testosterone

LH

FSH

GnRH

Front 28

Testosterone

Back 28

Produces by the testes

Front 29

Lh

Back 29

controls production of testosterone; produces by anterior pituitary gland.

Front 30

FSH

Back 30

Produced by anterior pituitary gland; promotes sperm production.

Front 31

Hypothalamus produces...

Back 31

GnRH

Front 32

GnRH

Back 32

Controls production of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary gland.

Front 33

Hormone in males that have ultimate control is the...

Back 33

GnRH

Front 34

Menstration

Back 34

Periodic shedding of blood and tissue from the lining of the uterus

Front 35

Menstruation begins around

Back 35

10-14 yrs old

Front 36

Menopause begins

Back 36

30-40 yrs later

Front 37

"Model Cycle"

Back 37

28 day cycle; Day 1- first day of blood flow. Ovulation occurs exactly on day 14

Front 38

Menstrual Cycle

Back 38

-A spike in Lh and FSH triggers ovulation.

-Estrogen and Progesterone incresase then uterus lining gets thicker.

- E and P levels go down, shedding of the lining.

Front 39

Hormones of Pregnancy

Back 39

Placenta- Structure jointly made by mother and embryo.

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonodotropin) promotes the production of Progesterone; helps keep lining thick.

Front 40

Female Sex Hormones

Back 40

Estrogen

Prolactin

Front 41

Estrogen

Back 41

Also responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics ( Breast development etc.)

Front 42

Prolactin

Back 42

Milk Production

- Suppressed by estrogen and progesterone

- During pregnancy you are not producing milk, once the baby is delivered 24-72 hrs milk comes

Front 43

Colostrum

Back 43

First few days baby is feeding on this, higher in protein and lower in fat.

Front 44

Sexually transmitted diseases

Back 44

Herpes - Virus

Gonorrhea - Bacteria

Syphillus- Bacteria

Aids - Virus

Front 45

Fraternal twins

Back 45

More than one egg is fertilized

Front 46

Identical twins

Back 46

single egg fertilized, as it begins to divide, it separates into two separate masses.

Front 47

Stages of development happens within

Back 47

first three weeks

Front 48

Stages of development

Back 48

Cleavage

Blastula stage

gastrulation stage

Neurulation stage

organogenesis

Front 49

Cleavage

Back 49

Occurs within first 24 hrs after conception; Fertilized egg is beginning to divide. Called a morula. Just a cluster of cells right now. Dividing into smaller cells.

Front 50

Blastula Stage

Back 50

Cells rearrange themselves to create a fluid filled space; Around day 6

Front 51

Gastrulation Stage

Back 51

Cells rearrange again to create distinct layers; around 2 weeks

Front 52

Germ Layer

Back 52

Primitive layer of cells that will make something more elaborate.

Front 53

Germ Layers are

Back 53

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Front 54

Ectoderm

Back 54

Outermost; develops into skin and nervous system.

Front 55

Endoderm

Back 55

Lining of your gut, also pancreas and liver

Front 56

Mesoderm

Back 56

Middle; Develops into muscle, bone, and connective tissue.

Front 57

Neurulation

Back 57

Neural tube and head begin to develop. 3rd week

Front 58

Organogenesis

Back 58

Organs begin to develop

End of 3rd week

Baby is very vulnerable

Front 59

Differentiation

Back 59

-Refers to the process whereby similar looking cells of the developing embryo give rise to all the different cells in the body.

-Does not result from - Shuffling out of genes

-Does result from - the expression of different genes in different cells

-Path is determined - Due to the gradient of chemicals in the cells established back during cleavage.

Front 60

Embryonic Induction

Back 60

Refers to the process in which one cell alters the fate of another

-Explains the orderly, stepwise development of an embryo

Front 61

Parturation

Back 61

Birth

Front 62

Labor

Back 62

Process of uterine contractions that expell the baby and the placenta

Front 63

Fetal pituitary

Back 63

Thought to play a role in signaling the process to begin.

Front 64

Stage one - Dialation stage

Back 64

only supposed to last 2-20 hrs. ( Cervix is getting bigger) needs to get to 10 cm average; expulsion of mucus plug.

Front 65

Stage two - Expulsion stage

Back 65

Supposed to last 2-100 min; having contractions every 1-2 min that are about a minute a piece.

Front 66

Episiotomy

Back 66

Incision made in vaginal tissue to prevent tearing.

Pro- Easier to repair. Con - Could make deeper tear.

Front 67

Stage three- Placental stage

Back 67

5-45 minutes; After delivery. Placenta is being delivered

Front 68

Vernix Ceseasa

Back 68

Waxy cheese like covering on the baby

Front 69

Lanugo

Back 69

Fine peach like fuzz on the baby.

Front 70

Amnion

Back 70

Fluid filled sac that surrounds the baby.

Front 71

Ecosystem

Back 71

Made up of biotic as well as abiotic components

Front 72

ultimate source of energy...

Back 72

Sun

Front 73

Producers

Back 73

Self nourishing (Autotrophs) such as plants

Front 74

Consumers

Back 74

Consume others (heterotrophs)

Front 75

Herbivores

Back 75

plant eaters

Front 76

carnivores

Back 76

meat eaters

Front 77

Omnivores

Back 77

Everything, all consuming

Front 78

Decomposers

Back 78

Feed on dead organic matter.

*nutrients are recycled.

Front 79

Energy flow

Back 79

One direction; energy does NOT recycle

Front 80

Food chains

Back 80

You have a series of organisms, each of which is consumed by the next. shows how energy is being passed from one trophic level to the next.

Front 81

Grazing food chain

Back 81

Starts with a plant that is currently alive

Front 82

Detritus food chain

Back 82

Starts with something already dead.

Front 83

Food webs

Back 83

Gives you a much more realistic picture of whats going on in the ecosystem.

Front 84

Trophic feeding levels

Back 84

1 3* con - tercheary

10 2* con - secondary

100 1* con - primary

1000 Producer

- Less energy at each trophic level

10% gets passes to next level

Front 85

Why less energy at each trophic level

Back 85

-Some energy is used up in metabolic processes

- Not all food available at one level is captured and consumed.

- Not all of the organism is digestible. You can only get energy from what you digest

Front 86

Population

Back 86

Localized group of individuals belonging to the same species.

Front 87

Species

Back 87

Group of individuals that have the potential to mate SUCCESSFULLY in NATURE.

Front 88

Community

Back 88

Several populations interacting.

Front 89

Plant defenses

Back 89

Mechanical defense - thorns

Chemical defense - poisons, toxins, foul taste

Front 90

Animal defenses

Back 90

Cryptic coloration - camoflague

deceptive markings - ex. false eye spot

Aposmatic coloration - "warning coloration"

Mimicry - one organism superficially resembles another

Batesian - non dangerous looks like someone who is

Mullerian - two dangerous resemble each other

Front 91

Symbiosis

Back 91

Living together

Front 92

Parasitic

Back 92

1 benefited 1 affected

Front 93

Commensalistic

Back 93

1 benefited, 1 unaffected

Front 94

mutualistic

Back 94

Both benefit

Front 95

Competition exclusion principle

Back 95

Two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexsist in nature

Front 96

Resource partitioning

Back 96

Species divides up the resources amoung themselves. Ex. Werbler birds