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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Autonomy |
Commitment to include patient decisions |
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Beneficence |
Taking positive actions to help others |
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Nonmaleficence |
Avoidance of harm and hurt. The will to do good |
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Justice |
Being fair. Access to healthcare |
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Fidelity |
Agreement to keep promises. Not abandoning patients on their beliefs |
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Deontology |
Defines actions as right or wrong |
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Utilitarianism (Consequencalism) |
Proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness. The outcome or consequence of an action * |
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Feminist ethics |
Focuses on the inequality between people . Proposes that the natural human urge is to be influenced by relationships |
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Ethics of care |
Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships, especially as they are revealed in personal narratives. Delivery of health care based on ethical principles and standards of care |
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Casuistry |
Case based reasoning. The cause of doing something. Focuses on understanding of particular situations |
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Processing an ethical dilemma |
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Quality of life |
Central to discussions about end of life care, cancer therapy, physician assisted suicide, and dnr |
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Disabilities |
Antidiscrimination laws enhance the economic security of people with physical, mental, or emotional challenges |
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Care at the end of life |
Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for the patient |
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Health care reform |
Facilitated access to care for millions of uninsured Americans |
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Ethics committee |
Provide Education, policy recommendations, and case consultation |
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Sources of law |
Statutory law -criminal law (felonies or misdemeanours) -civil law (patients rights) Regulatory law(rules and policies) Common law (judicial decisions) |
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Emergency medical treatment and active labor act |
When a patient presents to an emergency department, they must be treated |
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Uniform anatomical gift act |
Organ donation |
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HIPAA |
Provides rights to patients and protects employees. Insurance is covered between job movement |
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Health information technology act (HITECH) |
Private health info (phi) is protected |
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Torts |
Civil wrongs made against a person Intentional: assault, battery, false imprisonment Quasi-intentional: invasion of privacy, defamation of character (slander) Unintentional: negligence, malpractice |
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Risk management and quality assurance |
Steps: identify possible risk, analyze risk, act to reduce risks, evaluation steps taken. Ex: incidence/occurance report (serves as a database for further investigation) |
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Advocacy |
Support of a particular cause/standing up for something |
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Responsibility |
Willing to respect and follow through with promises |
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Accountability |
Answer to ones own actions |
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Confidentiality |
Protection of patients personal health information |
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Criminal law |
Perfect society as a whole and provide punishment |
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Civil law |
Protects the rights of individuals and provide for fair and equitable treatment when wrongs and violations occur |
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Regulatory law (administrative) |
Decisions made by administrative bodies such as state boards of nursing. Defines duty to report unethical behaviors |
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Common law |
Results from judicial decisions made by courts when legal cases are decided. (Negligence, malpractice) |
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Biological processes |
Physical growth and development |
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Cognitive processes |
Changes in intelligence, ability to understand, use of language and development if thinking that shapes an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors |
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Socioemotional processes |
Variations that occur in a individuals personality, emotions, and relationships with others during their lifetime |
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Sigmund Freud (5 stages) Psychosexual |
Oral (0-1): all about sucking Anal (1-3): potty training. Pleasure of elimination Phallic (3-6): playing w genitals Latency (6-12): sexual urges taper, play with friends Genital (onset of puberty): sexual urges awaken. Need education on sex *Old Age Parrots Love Grapes |
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Jean Piaget (4 stages) cognitive development |
Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs): respond to voices. Look around environment. Sucking as a pleasant feeling. Grasping objects. Can make sounds. *object permanence Preoperational (2-7): play is primary way to interact. Walk, run, explore environment. Ride a bike, build. *egocentrism: do things they see Concrete operations (7-11): increasing cognitive ability. Deeper understanding of concepts. Formal operations (11-adulthood): thinking moves to abstract ND theoretical subjects. Seeking meaning in life, reasoning and problem solving skills.
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Erickson (8 stages) Psychosocial |
Infancy (0-12mths): trust vs mistrust. Food, shelter, clean diaper, love. Early childhood (1-3yrs): autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt. Toilet training, wanting to do stuff on own Preschool (3-6yrs): initiative vs guilt. Exploration, interact with other children, lots of questions! School age (6-11yrs): industry vs inferiority. School, learning lots of info, how to get along w others. Adolescence (12-18yrs/puberty): identity vs role confusion. Social relationships, occupation, experimenting Young adulthood(19-40yrs): intimacy vs isolation. Relationships. Marriage, family, career path Middle age (40-65yrs): generativity vs self absorption and stagnation. Work and late hood. Set career, raising children Old age (65-death): integrity vs despair. Reflection on life. Retrospective appraisal of their lives
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Conception to birth: prenatal period |
Germinal: conception-2 weeks Embryonic: 2-8 weeks Fetal: 8-40 weeks -development is rapid, fetus dependent on mother. Importance of adequate prenatal care |
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First trimester (first 3 calendar months of pregnancy) |
Week 12: most organs developed Fetus able to move extremities, smile, frown, suck, swallow, and produce urine |
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Second trimester (3-6months) |
Organs continue to grow. End of 6th mth:organs complete and able to function. (Viable) |
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Third trimester (6-9mths) |
Fetus increase in weight. Developing subcutaneous fat is stored. Skin is thickening. Body is rounder and fuller |
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Newborn (1st month of life) Neonatal period |
Lose 10% of birth weight-regained by second week of life. Cyanosis of hands and feet-24hrs* Sporadic movements |
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Infant (1mth-1yr) |
Rapid physical growth. Reflexive behavior to more purposeful, visual and auditory stimuli *weight double in 5 months, triples in 12 months |
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Toddler (12mths-36mths) |
Instead Independence. Fine motor skills (drawing circles, coloring). Toilet training |
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Preschool (3-5yrs) |
Gain 5lbs per year. 21/2-3in per year. Large and fine muscle coordination (running, walking). Draw triangles, diamonds. Print letters, shapes, numbers. *play |
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School aged children (6-12) |
Growth slows. Large muscle coordination improves, strength doubles. Mastering skills(sports). Writing sentences in scripts. Pairing, drawing, computer games. Independent in bathing, dressing, personal needs. *secondary teeth, body appearance and posture changes |
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Adolescents (12-20) |
Puberty and hormone changes. Stresses (being like peers). Physical and sex specific changes. Alteration of distribution of muscle and fat. Development of reproductive system |
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Young adult (20-30s) |
Physical growth complete by 20. Career/occupation direction. Health promotion. Pregnancy. *promote good health practices |
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Middle adulthood (30s-early 60s) |
Personal and career experiences. Assisting aging parents. Career changes. Gray hair, wrinkles, thicker waist. Menopause *health promotion and stress reduction exercise |
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Older adult (65+) |
Gerontological nursing- assessment and health of older adults, diagnosis, planning, and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs and evaluation of the individual |
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Physiological changes |
Integumentary- loss of skin elasticity and moisture. Thin hair Respiratory- decreased cough reflex Cardiovascular- thickening of blood vessel walls. Lower cardiac output Gastrointestinal- slowed peristalsis Musculoskeletal- decreased muscle strength. Osteoporosis Neurological- ability to respond to multiple stimuli decreases Sensory- presbyopia(decreased accommodation to near/far). Difficult adjusting from light to dark. Fewer taste buds. Smell diminished. Loss of acuity for high frequency tones (presbycusis), decreased skin receptors Genitourinary- male enlargement of prostate. Female reduced sphincter tone Reproductive- sperm count diminishes, smaller testes, erection firm and slow to develop. Deceased estrogen and menopause Endocrine- decreased thyroid. Increased cortisone and glucocorticoids and anti-inflammatory hormone
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Cognitive changes |
Delirium- confusion, disorientation, restlessness (pneumonia or uti) *reversible Dementia- irreversible cerebral dysfunction. Alzheimer's. Depression- sadness, despair, hopelessness. Loss of loved one, personal loss, tragedy. |
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Circadian rhythm |
"Cycle of the day"- 24 hours. Affected by light, temp, social activities, and work routines *hypothalamus |
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Stages of sleep |
Sleep cycle: 90-100min, 4-5 cycles a night 1-4, then 4-3-2 followed by REM
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REM sleep |
Longest stage (60 min) *restore brain tissue, rapid eye movements, vivid dreams |
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NREM |
Four stages. *conserve energy, body doesn't move |
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Normal sleep patterns |
Neonates: 6 hours a day. *need a week to form sleep schedule Infant: 8-10, 15 w/ naps. Toddler: 12. Resist sleep Preschooler: 12 *need rituals School age: 9-10 Adolescent: -7.5 *excessive day sleepiness Young adult: 6-8.5 Middle/older adult: declines |
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Sleep assessment |
Sleep history, sleep problems, sleep pattern, mental status, routines Subjective info: diff tests *open ended questions
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Sleep planning |
Goals and outcomes, setting priorities, teamwork and collaboration |
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Sleep implementation |
Health promotion(safety comfort, stress reductions, bedtime snacks), environment controls. |
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Sleep evaluation |
*FROM PATIENT Determine whether expected outcome has been met |
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Insomnia |
*most common Ability to fall asleep and stay asleep Treatment: sleep hygiene |
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Sleep apnea |
Stop breathing-bad airflow Symptoms: excessive daytime sleep -central apnea: from brain injury |
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Narcolepsy |
Fall asleep randomly. Cataplexy: sudden muscle weakness Sleep paralysis: can't move Believe dreams are real life |
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Sleep deprivation |
Not enough sleep. Can cause hallucinations |
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Parasomnia |
Sleep walking, night terror, SIDS *happens a lot in children |
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Tryptophan |
Foods high in this amino acid causes sleepiness Ex: milk, oats, eggs, seeds |
