Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Functions of Water in Body Fluids:
|
1. carries nutrients and waste products
2. maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen 3. metabolic reactions 4. reg. of normal body temperature 5. serves as solvent for minerals, vitamins, AAs, glucose, and other small molecules 6. lubricant and cushion around joints and inside eyes, spinal cord, and in pregnancy 7.maintains blood pressure |
|
|
How much of the total body weight of an adult is water?
|
60%
|
|
|
How much of lean tissue weight is water?
|
75%
|
|
|
How much of adipose tissue weight is water?
|
< 25%
|
|
|
For whom is the proportion of water in the body smaller?
|
females, obese, elderly
|
|
|
Where are fluids found in the body?
|
intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid (interstitial and intravascular make up extracellular)
|
|
|
intracellular fluid
|
fluid within the cells
|
|
|
interstitial fluid
|
fluid between cells
|
|
|
intravascular fluid
|
fluid within blood vessels/ vascular system
|
|
|
Which part of the brain controls water balance?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
How much fluid goes in and out a day?
|
2.5 L of fluid
|
|
|
Minimum fluid excreted per day?
|
500 ml
|
|
|
thirst?
|
a conscious desire to drink
|
|
|
dehydration?
|
a condition in which water output exceeds water input
|
|
|
dehydration symptoms?
|
thirst, dry skin/mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness --> death
|
|
|
water intoxication?
|
a rare condition in which body water contents are too high
|
|
|
water intoxication symptoms?
|
confusion, convulsions --> death
|
|
|
Water input
|
Total: 1450-2800 ml
liquids: 550-1500 ml water created by metabolism: 200-300 ml foods: 700-1000 ml |
|
|
Water output
|
Total: 1450-2800 ml
skin: 450-900 ml lungs: 350 ml kidneys: 500-1400 ml feces: 150 ml |
|
|
Overview of minerals
|
1. inorganic elements
2. maintain chemical identity 3. overdoses can be toxic 4. bioavailability varies |
|
|
Minerals maintain their chemical identity:
|
1. cannot be destroyed by heat, acid, O2
2. cannot be changed into anything else |
|
|
Minerals bioavailability varies:
|
certain substances bind with minerals and prevent their absorption
1. phytates (legumes and grains) 2. oxalates (green leafy vegetables) |
|
|
Major minerals present and needed by body in larger amounts:
|
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur
|
|
|
Trace minerals present and needed by body in smaller amounts:
|
iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, molybdenum
|
|
|
Major minerals can be divided into groups based on:
|
function
|
|
|
Groups of minerals based on function:
|
1. minerals involved with fluid balance: sodium/chloride/potassium
2. minerals involved in bone health: calcium/phosphorus/magnesium |
|
|
minerals in fluid balance
|
sodium/chloride/potassium
|
|
|
minerals in bone health
|
calcium/phosphorus/magnesium
|
|
|
major minerals are present in amounts
|
larger than 5 g
|
|
|
which minerals appear in amounts greater than 1 lb?
|
calcium and phosphorus
|
|
|
what have no electrical charge?
|
atoms such as sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl2)
|
|
|
What dissociates into ions?
|
mineral salt (ex. NaCl) dissolves in water
|
|
|
What are positively and negatively charged particles?
|
ions; Na+ and Cl-
|
|
|
cations
|
positively charged ions
|
|
|
anions
|
negatively charged ions
|
|
|
electrolytes
|
salts that dissociate into ions
|
|
|
electrolyte balance?
|
human body electrolyte solution should have the same number of + and - particles
|
|
|
electrolyte imbalance?
|
death can be a consequence
|
|
|
Important electrolytes: cations
|
Sodium Na, Potassium K, Calcium Ca, Magnesium Mg
|
|
|
Important electrolytes: anions
|
chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate
|
|
|
chief function of sodium
|
principal cation of extracellular fluids; maintains fluid and electrolyte balance; help maintain acid-base balance; assists in nerve transmission/muscle contraction (Na in = Na out)
|
|
|
sodium foods
|
Table salt (NaCl), soy sauce, processed foods, foods with visible salt, salt spices, condiments, luncheon meats
|
|
|
sodium deficiency symptoms
|
muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite
|
|
|
sodium toxicity symptoms
|
acute hypertension, edema
|
|
|
Sodium related facts
|
1 gm salt = 400 mg sodium;
5 gm salt = 1 tsp; 1 tsp salt= 2000 mg |
|
|
How much sodium is recommended per day?
|
< 2400 mg
|
|
|
DV (daily value) for sodium
|
2400 mg.day
|
|
|
minimum needs of sodium
|
500 mg/day
|
|
|
High Na intake -->
|
increase Ca excretion
|
|
|
Relation between sodium and hypertension in healthy people?
|
Sodium does NOT cause hypertension
|
|
|
Sodium causes what in people with salt sensitivity?
|
increase blood pressure
|
|
|
How does calcium affect blood pressure?
|
decreases blood pressure
|
|
|
Average systolic blood pressure?
|
140 or below
|
|
|
Average diastolic blood pressure?
|
90 or below
|
|
|
function of chloride?
|
cheif anion of extracellular fluid; Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance; Part of HCl found in stomach
|
|
|
Chloride foods?
|
Table salt, soy sauce, processed foods, foods with visible salt, salt spices, condiments, luncheon meats
|
|
|
chloride deficiency symptoms?
|
do not occur under normal circumstances
|
|
|
chloride toxicity?
|
vomiting
|
|
|
which element is a poisonous gas?
|
chlorine (Cl2)
|
|
|
What reacts to form chloride ion Cl-?
|
chlorine reacts with sodium or hydrogen
|
|
|
Excessive vomiting of gastric juices...
|
upsets acid base balance and leads to metabolic alkalosis (commonly observed in bulimia)
|
|
|
Potassium chief function:
|
principal intercellular cation (K+); maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, assists in nerve transmission and muscle contraction
|
|
|
potassium foods
|
most whole foods (ubiquitous)
|
|
|
potassium deficiency?
|
muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion
|
|
|
potassium toxicity symptoms?
|
occurs from salts or supplements. Muscle weakness, vomiting. if administered intravenously can stop heart
|
|
|
Sodium and Potassium in muscle contraction?
|
Sodium and potassium exchange positions outside and inside the muscle cell. when muscle relaxes go back to their original positions.
|
|
|
Diuretics and potassium?
|
some diuretics are potassium "wasting"; supplements are required
|
|
|
potassium and hypertension?
|
diets low in potassium incr. risk of hypertension/stroke...diets high in potassium decr. risk of hypertension
|
|
|
RDA and potassium
|
2000mg/day
Bananas 1 cup = 600 mg |
|
|
K+ deficiency
|
most common type of imbalance; results from diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. Drugs. symptoms: muscle weakness
|
|
|
K+ toxicity
|
does not occur from foods; injection of K+ into vein can stop the heart; certain diseases (renal failure); results from K salts or supplements
|
|
|
the most abundant mineral in the body?
|
calcium
|
|
|
where is 99% of the body's calcium found?
|
in the bones and teeth
|
|
|
How does calcium function in bones and teeth?
|
in mineralization
|
|
|
Bones and teeth are storage depots for
|
calcium
|
|
|
1% of body's calcium in found in
|
body fluids
|
|
|
How is calcium involved in body fluids?
|
blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood pressure maintenance
|
|
|
calmodulin
|
a protein activated by calcium that helps maintain blood pressure
|
|
|
Calcium foods
|
milk and milk products, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, greens, legumes
|
|
|
calcium deficiency?
|
stunted growth in children; bone loss in adults...related to osteoporosis
|
|
|
Calcium toxicity?
|
constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney disfunction
|
|
|
Calcium in bones
|
Hydroxyapatite: calcium crystals in a protein matrix in bone. Calcium in bones is constantly remodeled
|
|
|
Normal Calcium
|
9-11 mg
|
|
|
Calcium rigor
|
incr calcium --> death
|
|
|
Calcium tetany
|
decr calcium --> death
|
|
|
what controls calcium?
|
vitamin D
|
|
|
How much of calcium is ingested?
|
about 30%
|
|
|
Pregnant women absorb?
|
50%
|
|
|
Growing children absorb?
|
50-60% calcium ingested
|
|
|
What is required for calcium absorption?
|
Calcium binding protein
|
|
|
Factors that enhance calcium absorption?
|
Vitamin D, Sugars (lactose), Stomach acid (HCl), Hormones that prmote growth
|
|
|
Factors that inhibit calcium absorption?
|
Lack of stomach acid (HCl), Vitamin D deficiency, High phosphorus intake, High fiber diet (phytates and oxalates)
|
|
|
Parathyroid hormone and parathormone PTH have what affect of Vit D activation?
|
Causes Vit D activation by addition of two -OH groups...one from kidney and one from liver
|
|
|
Activation of Vit D causes:
|
incr. absorption of Ca from intestine. incr. resorption from bone into bloodstream. incr reabsorption of Ca from kidney
*incr calcium* |
|
|
Calcitionin
|
supresses activation of Vit. D
|
|
|
Inactive Vit D causes:
|
decr. absorption from intestine. decr. resorption from bone (stays in bone). decr reasborption from kidney
*decreases calcium* |
|
|
how many people are affected with osteoporosis?
|
> 25 million people in US (mostly women)
|
|
|
When does osteoporosis problem become apparent?
|
when someone's hip suddenly gives way; hip breaking causes fall
|
|
|
How many people are hospitalized wach year with hip fractures?
|
300,000; 20% survive surgery die within a yr with complications; 50% never walk or live indenpendently again
|
|
|
What is the hump of osteoporosis called?
|
Kyphosis (Dowager's Hump)
|
|
|
What does osteoporosis mean?
|
"porous bone"
|
|
|
what is osteoporosis?
|
loss of calcium from trabecular bone (lacy inner structure of calcium crystals taht supports bone structure and provides the body's storage depot of calcium)
|
|
|
osteoporosis relation to bone density?
|
a decrease in bone density
|
|
|
Causes and cures for osteoporosis?
|
Not completely know at present.
|
|
|
What bones are most affected by osteoporosis?
|
Spine and bones of pelvis
|
|
|
How much heighth does a women lose from age 50-80?
|
avg. 6 inches due to compression of the bones of the spine
|
|
|
When does osteoporosis occur?
|
When resorption of calcium from bone exceeds deposition of calcium in bone
|
|
|
What is assoicated with the onset of osteoporosis in males and females?
|
Females: menopause (loss of estrogen)
Males: slowing of testosterone secretion |
|
|
As bone loses calcium...
|
bone density decreases and bones become more fragile
|
|
|
What are the speicfic effects on bones with osteoporosis?
|
vertebrae compress, hip bones become porous, jaw bones recede (teeth become loose)
|
|
|
What age has the greatest risk factor for osteoporosis?
|
>50-55; postmenopausal females; >90% all hip fractures in US occur in people over age 50
|
|
|
What are the gender and genetic risk factors of osteroporosis?
|
2-6 females: 1 male
Caucasians and East Asians have incr. risk: African Americans have a lower risk |
|
|
What lifestyles contribute to osteoporosis?
|
Exercise with weight bearing activity decr. the risk; Smoking and alcoholism incr the risk
|
|
|
Dietary calcium?
|
Regular consumption of law-fat dietary foods throughout the life decrease risk
|
|
|
Weight and osteoporosis?
|
Low BMI causes an incr. risk; most likely calcium deficient
|
|
|
Hormones and osteoporosis?
|
Estrogen deficiency (amenorrhea, menopause, hysterecotomy) increases risk
|
|
|
Function of phosphorus
|
2nd most abundant mineral in body; bone mineralization; part of every cell (phospholipids); genetic material; ATP for energy transfer; buffering system
|
|
|
Phosphorus foods
|
all animal tissue
|
|
|
phosphorus deficiency
|
rare (usually drug induced, making phophorus unavailable...resulting in weakness, bone pain)
|
|
|
phosphorus toxicity
|
rare... decr. amounts of calcium
|
|
|
Phosphoric acid in dark, carbonated beverages...
|
inhibits calcium absorption
|
|
|
Function of magnesium
|
bone mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, maintenance of teeth, immune integrity
|
|
|
Magnesium foods
|
nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green veggies, seafood, cocoa (part of chlorophyll)
|
|
|
Magnesium deficiency?
|
rare; weakness, confusion, muscle spasms, hypertenstion (associated with other diseases)
|
|
|
Magnesium toxicity?
|
rare...results from supplement intake...diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration
|
|
|
How is magnesium critical?
|
Nerve transmission/muscle contraction of heart muscles; protects against hypertension and heart disease
|
|
|
what are the affects of magnesium in hard water?
|
People have decreased risks of heart disease
|
|
|
Function of sulfur?
|
part of sulfur containing AAs (methionine and cysteine and protein with these AAs); side chains of cysteine form disulfide bridges which stabilize structure; thiamine, biotin, and insulin contain sulfur
|
|
|
Sulfur foods?
|
All protein foods
|
|
|
Sulfur deficiency?
|
Only with severe protein deficiency
|
|
|
Where is sulfur found and function in the body?
|
Rigid body proteins (skin, hair, nails); curly hair contains more sulfur containing AAs
|
|
|
What are trace minerals?
|
essential mineral nutrients; <5 gms in human body; microminerals
|
|
|
what is a cofactor?
|
a mineral that works with an enzyme to facilitate a chemical reaction
|
|
|
chemical name of iron
|
Fe++ and Fe+++
|
|
|
What type of deficiency is the most common worldwide?
|
iron deficiency
|
|
|
What two body proteins is iron contained in?
|
1. hemoglobin
2. myoglobin |
|
|
hemoglobin?
|
oxygen carrying protein in erythrocytes (RBCs)
|
|
|
myoglobin?
|
oxygen- holding protein in muscle cells
|
|
|
heme?
|
the iron holding part of hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins
|
|
|
heme iron?
|
found only in animal foods (meat, poultry, fish)
|
|
|
What % of iron consumed/day is heme?
|
10%
|
|
|
What % of heme iron is absorbed?
|
25-35%
|
|
|
non-heme iron?
|
found in both plant/animal foods
|
|
|
what % of iron consumed/day is non-heme?
|
90%
|
|
|
What % of non-heme iron is absorbed?
|
10%
|
|
|
How does absorption function in people with anemia?
|
individuals absorb more heme and nonheme iron with anemia;
iron absorption depends on need |
|
|
what type of iron is absorbed better?
|
heme iron is absrobed better than nonheme iron
|
|
|
Where is excess iron stored?
|
ferretin and homeosiderin
|
|
|
Where is iron packaged?
|
transferrin
|
|
|
When do people absorb more iron from foods and supplements?
|
when body stores of iron are low compared to when stores of iron are high
|
|
|
What enhances nonheme absorption?
|
MFP factor, Vitamin C, Acids (in foods and HCl in stomach), sugars
|
|
|
MFP factor
|
factor associated with the digestion of Meat, Fish, and Poultry
|
|
|
Nonheme iron absorption is inhibited by:
|
phytates, fiber, oxalates, calclium, tannic acid (tea,coffee)
|
|
|
What are the two forms of iron?
|
Ferrous iron (reduced state) Fe++; Ferric iron (oxidized state) Fe+++
|
|
|
What is the chief function of iron?
|
part of hemoglobin (O2 carrier), part of myoglobin (O2 holding in muscle), cellular energy utilization-electron transport chain
|
|
|
Iron foods?
|
red meats, poultry, fish, shellfish, legumes, dried fruit
|
|
|
Iron deficiency disease and symptoms?
|
iron deficiency anemia: blue sclera of eyes, hypochromic/ microcytic RBCs, decr immunity, weakness/fatigue, pica-craving of ice, clay
|
|
|
geophagia
|
clay eating
|
|
|
pagophagia
|
ice craving
|
|
|
Iron overload can lead to...
|
liver damage or liver transplant
|
|
|
excessive iron supplement symptoms?
|
lethargy, joint pain, organ damage, enlarged liver, death; as few as 5 iron tablets have caused death in young children
|
|
|
hemochromatosis
|
hereditary iron metabolism defect leading to iron deposits in tissues-->tissue damage; most common genetic disorder; 1.5 million people
|
|
|
hemosiderosis
|
long term dietary/supplementary iron overload--> deposits of iron storage protein hemosiderin in liver and other tissues
|
|
|
Iron consumption with vitamin C
|
increases iron absorbed
|
|
|
using cast iron cookware...
|
adds supplemental iron to diet
|
|
|
Red blood cells
|
erythrocytes; normochromic and normocytic
|
|
|
Small RBC
|
microcytic
|
|
|
Pale RBC
|
hypochromic
|
|
|
iron deficiency anemia is termed...
|
hypochromic, mictocytic anemia
|
|
|
The leading nutritional deficiency is the US is of iron. How many females does it affect?
|
7.8 million women of childbearing years and girls; 700,000 1-2 yr olds
|
|
|
What is the function of zinc?
|
required as a cofactor by >100 enzymes; metalloenzyme; associated with insulin, helps make genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transports of Vit A, taste perception, wound healing, making of sperm, normal fetal development
|
|
|
Zinc foods?
|
protein containing foods, whole grains, vegetables
|
|
|
zinc deficiency?
|
decr tast acuity, decr wound healing, growth retardation/ delayed onset of puberty, impaired DNA/protein synthesis, anorexia
|
|
|
zinc toxicity?
|
anemia, raised LDL, lowered HDL, GI upsets, renal failure, heart muscle degeneration
|
|
|
acrodematitis enteropathica?
|
rare inherited zinc malabsorption diease which leads to more severe dificiency symptoms
|
|
|
which group of people are often affected by a zinc deficiency because they can't afford expensive healthy foods?
|
the elderly
|
|
|
enterohepatic circulation of zinc?
|
circulation of zinc from intestines through the vascular system to the pancreas and back to the intestines
|
|
|
Zn deficiency in middle eastern countries?
|
stunted growth of dwarfish
|
|
|
Where was zinc deficiency first reported?
|
1960s in children/adolescent boys in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey; children need more because they are actively growing
|
|
|
Native Middle Eastern diet:
|
low in zinc foods (meats) and incr in fiber and phytates with inhibit zinc absorption
|
|
|
dwarfish from zinc deficiency?
|
stunts growth (4 ft tall), arrests sexual maturation (hypoganadism), increased malnourished state, impairs cog. development
|
|
|
Iodine function?
|
component of thyroid hormones which regulate growth, development, and BMR
|
|
|
Iodine foods?
|
iodized salt, seafood
|
|
|
simple goiter
|
iodine deficiency disease; enlargement of thyroid gland
|
|
|
cretinism
|
iodine deficiency disease; congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation
|
|
|
deficiency symptoms goiter
|
enlarged thyroid gland, hypothyroidism--> weight gain and slow BMR
|
|
|
iodine toxicity
|
enlarged thyroid gland and goiter
|
|
|
selenium function?
|
antioxidant, helps regulate thyroid hormone, decreases risk of some cancers
|
|
|
selenium foods?
|
seafood, meat, whole grains
|
|
|
Selenium deficiency symptoms?
|
predisposition to type of heart disease characterized by cardiac muscle becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
|
|
|
Keshan disease
|
named for province in China where it was studied; primary cause is virus
|
|
|
selenium toxicity?
|
Gi disorders, loss of hair and nails, skin lesions, nervous system disorders
|
|
|
copper function?
|
metalloenzyme (part of many enzymes), necessary for iron absorption, catalyzes oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron
|
|
|
copper foods?
|
seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes
|
|
|
copper deficiency?
|
anemia, bone abnormalities
|
|
|
copper toxicity?
|
vomiting, liver damage
|
|
|
Menkes disease
|
intestinal cells absorb copper, but can't release it into circulation-->life threatening
|
|
|
Wilson's disease
|
copper accumulates in liver and brain
|
|
|
How is Wilson's disease controlled?
|
reducing copper intake, using chelating agents (penicillimine), taking zinc supplements to interfere with copper absorption
|
|
|
Manganese function?
|
metalloenzyme (cofactor for several enzymes)
|
|
|
manganese foods?
|
nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables
|
|
|
Manganese deficiency?
|
in experimental animals: poor growth, nervous system disorders, reproductive abnormalities
|
|
|
Manganese toxicity?
|
nervous system disorders
|
|
|
What occupation is affected by inhaling large amounts of manganese?
|
miners; symptoms of brain disease, abnormalities in appearance and behavior
|
|
|
Fluoride function?
|
bone and tooth formation, teeth resistant by forming crystalline deposits in bones and teeth
|
|
|
fluorapatite
|
stabilized form of fluoride in bones and teeth
|
|
|
Fluoride foods
|
fluoride containing water, tea, seafood
|
|
|
fluoride deficiency?
|
susceptibility to tooth decay
|
|
|
fluoride toxicity?
|
fluorosis (discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excessive fluoride during tooth development)
|
|
|
by drinking fluoridated drinking water, how much money is saved in dental costs?
|
$3000
|
|
|
chromium function?
|
associated with insulin and required for release of energy from glucose
|
|
|
chromium foods?
|
meat, unrefined foods, fats, vegetable oils
|
|
|
chromium deficiency symptoms?
|
diabetes-like condition marked by an inability to use glucose normally
|
|
|
glucose tolerance facotrs (GTFs)
|
organic compounds to enhance insulin's action; contain chromium
|
|
|
how might a chromium deficieny individual be misdiagnosed?
|
with diabetes and exhibit abnormal glucose tolerance tests
|
|
|
molybdnum function?
|
metalloenzyme
|
|
|
molybdenum foods?
|
legumes, cereals, organ meats
|
|
|
nickel function?
|
cofactor for several enzymes
|
|
|
silicon function?
|
bone and collagen formation
|
|
|
vanadium function?
|
necessary for growth, bone development, normal reproduction
|
|
|
cobalt function?
|
key mineral in Vit B12
|
|
|
Boron function?
|
play role in brain activites
|
|
|
what are contaminant minerals?
|
heavy metals: mercury and lead
|
|
|
how does lead enter food supply?
|
soil, water, pollution
|
|
|
Lead poisoning?
|
Pb++ competes with Fe++ in heme structure; Pb++ competes with Ca++ in the brain
|
|
|
Pb++ competes with Fe++ in heme structure?
|
hemoglobin cannot transport oxygen
|
|
|
symptoms of lead poisoning in children?
|
learning disabilities, low IQ, behavior problems, slow growth, iron-deficiency anemia, sleep disturbances, nervous system disorders, seizures, poor coordination, impaired hearing
|
|
|
symptoms of lead poisoning in adults?
|
hypertension, reproductive complications, kidney failure
|
