Test 5

Front 1

1. all chemical reactions that takes place in an organism (provides energy) sum of all chemical reactions
2. breakdown of organic substrate, that release energy in form of ATP
3. requires energy for the synthesis of new organic molecules
4. substrate that accelerates a specific chemical reaction (never changes)
5. a protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction
6. a participant (product/reactant) in an enzyme
7. a small portion of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo chemical reaction

Back 1

1. metabolism
2. catabolism
3. anabolism
4. catalyst
5. enzyme
6. substrate
7. active site

Front 2

what is the basic overall equation of energy metabolism in a human cell

Back 2

C6H12O6+02 -> 6CO2+6H20

Front 3

1. Where does glycolysis occur?
2. what does it net
3. Provides ? to election carriers for ? in the form of 2? molecules
4. produces ? molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) for the ?cycle

Back 3

1. cytosol of the cell
2. nets 2 molecules of ATP
3. produces hydrogen ions to electron carriers for ETS in the form of 2 NADH molecules
4. produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) for the TCA cycle

Front 4

1. where does TCA cycle (Kreb's or Citric Acid Cycle) occur
2. what does it net
3. provides ? for electron carriers for ? in the form of 2? and 2?
4. produces ? as waste

Back 4

1. occurs in mitochondrial matrix
2. produces 2 ATP
3. provides hydrogen ions for electron carriers for ETS in the form of 2 NADH and 2 FADH molecules
4. produces carbon dioxide as waste

Front 5

1. where does electron transport system (ETS or ETChain) occur?
2. what does it net?
3. consumes ? to form water using the protons and electrons from ? and ?

Back 5

1. occurs at enzymes in mitochondrial cristae
2. produces 32 ATP
3. consumes oxygen to form water using the protons and electrons from NADH and FADH

Front 6

1. what is an enzyme and what do they do?
2. where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
3. how much energy is netted during glycolysis
4. what is the function of NAD in glycolysis
5. what molecule is produced by glycolysis
6. is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
7. where in the cell does the TCA cycle occur
8. what molecule from glycolysis is used in TCA
9. what are the electron carriers for TCA

Back 6

1. speedup the rate of the reaction
2. cytosol
3. two
4. NAD+= coenzyme, removes H atrom during 1 of enzymatic reaction
5. pyruvic acid
6. both
anaerobic ->fermentation
aerobic -> cellular respiration
7. mitochondrial matrix
8. pyruvate
9. NAD & FADH

Front 7

10. how much ATP is produced in one turn of the TCA cycle
11. how many times must the TCA turn to burn all the products of glycolysis
12. what waste molecule is produced by the TCA cycle
13. where in the cell does the ETS occur
14. what do glycolysis and TCA provide for ETS?
15. does the ETS require oxygen
16. how many ATP molecules for formed in the ETS
17. what molecule is produced at the end of the ETS

Back 7

10. one
11. two
12. CO2
13. inner mitochondrial membrane
14. hydrogen
15. yes, because there is no fermentation
16. 32
17. water H2O

Front 8

what are the 4 functions as to why we form new chemical bonds to form new organic compounds
M S N G

Back 8

1. To carry out structural maintenance and repair
2. support cellular growth
3. produce secretions
4. store nutrient reserves

Front 9

what are the 3 functions of the urinary system
H E E

Back 9

1. homeostasis- regulation of volume & solute concentrations of blood plasma
2. excretion- removal of organic waste products
3. elimination- discharge of waste products into environment

Front 10

what is the functional unit of the kidney?
it performs the major functions of eliminating toxins and harmful substances from the blood, regulating blood volume and pressure, regulating plasma concentrations of important ions and blood pH, and conserves valuable nutrients.

Back 10

1. nephron

Front 11

definition
1. short loop of Henle, forms most of urine
2. long loop of Henle, concentrated urine

Back 11

1. cortical nephron
2. juxtamedullary nephron

Front 12

list the order a drop of blood would pass thru as it flows from the abdominal aorta, thru the kidneys, and back to the inferior vena cava

Back 12

Renal A. , Segmental A, Intertubule A, Arculate A, Cortical Radiate A, Afferent Arteriole, supplying each individual nephron
Veins
Interlobar V, deliver blood to arculate veins, Renal Veins

Front 13

what does the afferent supply?

Back 13

blood into the nephron

Front 14

what does the efferent supply?

Back 14

blood out of the nephron

Front 15

the kidneys maintain homeostatic concentrations of nutrients and ions that end up where 1?
they bathe cells how 2?
Pressure in the glomerulus forces what out 3?
The filtrate contains both good and bad substances
name them 4?
what is the goal 5?

Back 15

1. end up in the extracellular fluid
2. bathes cells by filtering the blood across the surface of the glomerulus
3. forces filtrate out of the blood and into the capsular space
4. good- nutrients and beneficial ions
bad- waste (urea) toxins, harmful ions
5. goal is to get rid of bad substances and keep good ones by reabsorption

Front 16

As the filtrate enter the renal tubule (at the proximal tubule) it is now called what 1?
good substances and water are reabsorbed across what and into what 2?
good stuff reenters the blood stream how3?
Excess K and H are secreted into where 4?
where do urea and harmful substances end up? where are they dumped 5?

Back 16

1. tubular fluid
2. across the tubule wall and into the peritubular fluid (the fluid surrounding the tubule)
3. by diffusing back into the peritubular capillaries
4. secreted into the tubular fluid at the distal convoluted tubule
5. end up as urine in the collecting duct and are dumped into the minor calyces, major calyces, flow thru the renal, into the ureter and are stored in the bladder until released by micturition (urination)

Front 17

the kidneys filter aprx how many liters per day 1?
the kidneys reabsorb %? of the filtrate 2?

Back 17

1. 180L/day (50 gallons)
2. 99% (49.5 gallons)

Front 18

what are the three processes of urine formation?

Back 18

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

Front 19

1. the removal of substances from blood by forcing them, under pressure, across the filtration membrane
2. the return of beneficial substances (nutrients, some ions, vitamins, and water) from the filtrate to the blood
3. the addition of excess K and H from the blood to the filtrate

Back 19

1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion

Front 20

1. kidneys and ureters are 1? by nerves
What two things does the sympathetic innervation do?

Back 20

1. innervated
2. 1.adjusts urine rate formation, by changing blood flow and blood pressure at the nephrons
2. stimulates the release of Renin (which restricts water and salt loss)

Front 21

the nephrons are "1?" nutrients, which is the purpose of reabsorption

Back 21

1. reclaiming

Front 22

the nutrients re enter the body thru what 1?

Back 22

the blood

Front 23

Substance Comments
1. water present 99% reabsorbed
2. nutrients present 100% reabsorbed
3. sodium present variable, depends how much
4. chloride present variable
5. Potassium present secreted & excreted (excess)
6. Hydrogen present secreted & excreted
7. Urea present excreted
8. Blood Cells present NOT PRESENT
9. Plasma proteins NOT PRESENT

Back 23

study!

Front 24

1. what is it called if protein is in urine
2. what is it called if blood is in urine

Back 24

1. Proteinuria
2. Hematouria

Front 25

1. blood pressure drives 1? across the ?

Back 25

filtration
filtration membrane

Front 26

Layer Permeable to Impermeable to
1. capillary endothelium ? ?
2. Lamina Densa (BM) ? ?
3. Filtration slits (slit pores) ? ?

Back 26

1. p- large & small proteins, nutrients, ions, water
not- blood cells
2. P- small proteins, nutrients, ions, water
not- large proteins
3. P- nutrients, ions, water
not- small proteins

Front 27

what are the two pressures that affect filtration?

Back 27

osmotic and hydrostatic

Front 28

definition
a fluid pressure that pushes against walls of blood vessels 1?
It can force substances thru what 2?

Back 28

1. hydrostatic pressure
2. capillary walls

Front 29

what are the three hydrostatic pressures involved in the glomerulus 1???

Back 29

1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure GHP - pressure inside glomerular capillaries. highest pressure- 50mmHg
2. capsular hydrostatic pressure CHP - pressure due to filtrate in capsular space
3. net hydrostatic pressure NHP- difference between GHP&CHP

Front 30

what does it mean when
1. NHP is positive?
2. NHP is zero?
3. NHP is neg zero

Back 30

1. filtration is occurring and filtrate formed
2. no filtration is occurring & toxins remain in the blood
3. BP is drastically low and filtration is not occurring, blood can become toxic

Front 31

filtrate includes 1? and ?

Back 31

nutrients and toxins

Front 32

kidneys and ureters are innervated (supplied by nerves)
which means they are highly 1?

Back 32

vascular

Front 33

what are the 2 functions of the sympathetic innervation for the urinary system ?

Back 33

1. adjusts urine formation rate, by changing blood flow and BP at the nephrons
2. stimulates the release of Renin when needed
(restricts H20 and salt loss)

Front 34

the purpose of nephrons is to what ?

Back 34

reabsorb nutrients

Front 35

nutrients renter what?

Back 35

nutrients reenter the blood

Front 36

definition
failure of the kidneys 1?
causes ?

Back 36

1. renal failure
2. low BP, ruptures of blocked vessels in the kidney, damage to filtration membrane
** can be fatal because toxins will build to high levels in the blood and kill cells in other tissues

Front 37

definition
a "pulling" pressure, because the proteins make blood hypertonic, they do what to water ?

Back 37

pull in water
hypertonic - shriveled cell so they need to pull in water to look pretty :)

Front 38

the osmotic pressure of blood is called 1?

Back 38

colloid osmotic pressure

Front 39

what is normal BCOP

Back 39

25 mmHg

Front 40

definition
what is glomerular filtration rate?
what is normal rate 2?

Back 40

GFR is the volume (mL) of filtrate produced over a period of time (min)
2. 125 ml/ min

Front 41

in 24 hours GFR produces 1? of filtrate per day

Back 41

180L (50 gal)

Front 42

We urinate on avg 1? gal daily, which means over 2?% of filtrate is reabsorbed

Back 42

1. 1/2
2. 99%

Front 43

glomerular filtration rate is regulted by what three mechanisms 1???

Back 43

1. autoregulation
2. hormonal regulation
3. autonomic regulation

Front 44

definition
1. if Bp drops slightly and NFP drop then the afferent arteriole dilates to increase blood flow into the glomerulus, keeping pressure and filtration rates close to normal

Back 44

1. autoregulation

Front 45

definition
1. if BP drops noticeably then the juxtaglomerular cells release Renin and EPO to increase RBC production. This raises blood volume and therefore blood pressure

Back 45

1. hormonal regulation

Front 46

1. sympathetic stimulation constricts the afferent arteriole, decreasing GFR. less urine is released

Back 46

1. autonomic regulation

Front 47

most of the material filtered out of the bloodstream must be reclaimed from the 1? This process is called 2?Reabsorption requires carrier proteins in the membranes of the tubular cells that allow for the movement of substances from the 3? into the ?

Back 47

1. tubular fluid
2. reabsorption
3. tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid

Front 48

The 1? reabsorbs aprox 60-70% of the fluid volume of the filtrate, as well as 100% of the nutrients. There are four main transport mechanisms, name them 2?????

Back 48

1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. facilitated diffusion, active transport, cotransport, and countertransport

Front 49

definition
passive process (NO ATP, NO ENERGY) A molecule that diffuses with help of another molecule

Back 49

facilitated diffusion

Front 50

definition
uses ATP to pump molecules into and out of cell
ATP -> ADP+P

Back 50

active transport

Front 51

definition
2 or more substances are transported at the same time and direction

Back 51

cotransport

Front 52

definition
2 or more substances are transported at the same time but different location

Back 52

countertransport

Front 53

definition
the plasma concentration of a subtance at which 100% of that substance will be reabsorbed by the renal tubule

Back 53

tubular maximum (Tmax)

Front 54

if the concentration of a substance is 1? than its tubular maximum, then that % of the substance over the tubular maximum will not be 2? and ends up being lost in urine.

Back 54

1. higher
2. reabsorbed

Front 55

at 100% Tmax all protein carriers are 1?

Back 55

1. saturated

Front 56

definition
the plasma concentration at which a substance begins to appear in urine.

Back 56

renal threshold
Tmax+ 1 molecule

Front 57

renal threshold for glucose is 180 mg/dL
What would happen if plasma concentrations of glucose is 175 mg/dL

Back 57

glucose can be reabsorbed and is not in the urine

Front 58

renal threshold for glucose is 180 mg/dL
What would happen if plasma concentrations of glucose is 185 mg/dL

Back 58

glucose is in urine

Front 59

the thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to 1? but not to 2?

Back 59

1. water
2. solutes

Front 60

the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is especially permeable to 1? and ?
it is impermeable to 2? and ?

Back 60

1. Na and Cl
2. water and solutes

Front 61

definition
two substances move in opposite directions and the more one substance moves in one direction it forces more of the other substance in the opposite direction

Back 61

countercurrent multiplication

Front 62

the loop of Henle accomplishes countercurrent multiplication by actively pumping 1? and ? ions out of the 2?? limb of the loop. The higher the salt concentration in the 3? the greater the osmotic pulling pressure rises. This forces more water to 4?? of the thin descending limb.

Back 62

1.Na and Cl
2. thick ascending
3. peritubular fluid
4. osmose out

Front 63

definition
the passive reabsorption of water that occurs in the PCT and descending limb of the loop of Henle 1?
It reabsorbs most of the water from the 2?

Back 63

1. obligatory water reabsorption
2. tubular fluid

Front 64

definition
the water reabsorption that occurs in the DCT (and collecting duct) and only occurs if a person is dehydrated (electrolytes are out of balance) OR has low BP/ BV

Back 64

Facilitated water reabsorption

Front 65

the stimulation of faciliatated water reabsorption requires the presence of hormones 1? and ? to assist the process

Back 65

1. ADH and Aldosterone

Front 66

what does the hypothalamus release if if bv/bp is too low or [salt] are too high in the blood 1?
where is this release coming from 2?

Back 66

1. ADH
2. posterior pituitary

Front 67

up to 20% more water can be reabsorbed due to the presence of 1? It targets cells of the 2? and ?

Back 67

1. ADH
2. DCT and collecting system

Front 68

what happens if [Na] in the blood is too low or blood pressure at the glomerulus is too low?
(what detects this and what is released1?

Back 68

1. The JG cells detect this and release Renin

Front 69

explain the process once Renin is released

Back 69

1. Renin tuens an inactive angiotensinogen into an active form - Angiotensin 1
2. lungs convert A1 into A2
3. A2 binds to receptor cells in the zona glomerulosa and the renal cortex, causing them to relase Aldosterone
4. Aldosterone targets cells of the DCT and increases Na and Cl reabsorption
*water follows the salt and more water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream at the DCT and into the peritubular capilaries. This increases blood volume and pressure

Front 70

high potassium can cause ?

Back 70

a heart attack

Front 71

high Hydrogen can cause

Back 71

acidic blood

Front 72

definition
the process by which cells of the DCT pump the extra K,H, and NH4 out of the interstitual fluids and into the tubular fluid

Back 72

tubular secretion

Front 73

during tubular secretion what is happening ?

Back 73

cells of the DCT pump the extra K,H, and NH4out of the interstitual fluids and into the tubular fluid

Front 74

what is a very reactive ion (free radical) that can damage cells and protein function?

Back 74

hydrogen

Front 75

what is also a free radical that can react with proteins and disrupt cellular function?

Back 75

NH4

Front 76

when hydrogens start binding to NH2 to make NH4 this can combine with 1? to form a substance called 2?

Back 76

1. CO2 = CH4ON2
2. urea

Front 77

urea is found in where

Back 77

urine

Front 78

the 1? transport urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

Back 78

1. ureters

Front 79

the 1? is an empty sac that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body
It has numerous folds called 2?
How much fluid can it hold 3?
Where are the stretch receptors found 4?
Micturition occurs as smooth muscles(detrussor muscle) in the wall 5?

Back 79

1. bladder
2. rugae
3. 200 mL
4. trigone
5. contract

Front 80

the tubular duct that transports urine from the bladder to the outside world is called 1?
there are 2 uruthral 2? one at the 3?and one at the 4?

Back 80

1. urethra
2. sphincters
3. at the junction of the bladder and urethra, internal sphincter
4. and one at the end of the urethra, external sphincter

Front 81

when we are relaxed the 1? system can stimulate the detrussor muscle to contract
this relaxes which sphincter 2?
we can then voluntarily relax the 3? and micturate

Back 81

1. parasympathetic
2. internal
3. external sphincter

Front 82

definition
the inability to control the sphincters
which means urine can not be held

Back 82

1. incontinence