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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Diuresis

The formation and secretion of urine.

Skeletal muscles

Muscle composed of of bundles of parallel, striated muscle fibers under voluntary control. Also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle.

Creatine

An important nitrogenous compound found in meats and fish and synthesized in the body from amino acids (glycine, arginine, and methionine)

Stamina

The ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort.
Endurance

The fact or power of enduring an unpleasant or difficult process or situation without giving way.

Perceived exertion

The subjective experience of how difficult an effort is.

Anabolic steroids

Several compounds derived from testosterone or prepared synthetically, They promote body growth and masculinization and oppose the effects of estrogen.

Phosphocreatine


An energy-rich compound that supplies energy and a phosphate group for the formation of ATP.

Muscle Fibers



Individual muscle cells

Cardiac output

The amount of blood expelled by the heart



Physical performance

Oxygen energy system

A complex energy system that requires oxygen. To release ATP, it completes the breakdown of carbohydrates and fatty acids via the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.

Lactic acid energy system

Anaerobic energy system; using glycolysis, the process rapidly produces energy (ATP) and lactate. Also called anaerobic glycolysis

Hyperthermia

A much higher that normal body temperature

Atp-cp energy system

A simple and immediate anaerobic energy system that maintains ATP levels. Creatine phosphate is broken down, releasing energy and phosphate group, which is used to form ATP.



Carbohydrate loading

Changes in dietary carbohydrate intake and exercise regimen before competition to maximize glycogen stores in the muscles. It is appropriate for endurance events lasting 60 to 90 consecutive minutes or longer.

Aerobic endurance

The ability of skeletal muscle to obtain a sufficient supply of oxygen from the heart and lungs to maintain muscular activity for a prolonged time.

Sport anemia

A lowered concentration of hemoglobin in the blood due to dilution. The increased plasma volume that dilutes the hemoglobin in a normal consequence of aerobic exercise.

Ergogenic aids

Substance that can enhance athletic performance.

Pathogenic

Capable of causing cancer

Soda loading

Consumption of bicarbonate (baking soda) to raise blood pH. The intent it to increase the capacity to buffer acids, thus delaying fatigue. Also known as bicarbonate loading

Fast-twitch (ft) fibers

Muscle fibers that can develop high tension rapidly. These fibers can fatique quickly but are well suited to explosive movements in sprinting, jumping, and weight lifting.

Slow-twitch (st) fibers

Muscle fibers that develop tension more slowly and to a lesser extent than fast-twitch muscle fiber.

Palatable

Pleasant tasting

Physical fitness

Atherosclerosis

A type of "hardening of the arteries" in which cholesterol and other substances in the blood build up in the walls of the arteries. As the process continues, the arteries tot the heart may narrow, cutting down the flow of oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the heart.

Blood pressure

The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, this term refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example in the forearm

Cancer

A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Any abnormal characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. Includes atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular disease and hypertension.

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries.

DASH

An eating plan low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetable and low-fat dairy products that has been shown to reduce elevated blood pressure.

Essential hypertension

Hypertension for which no specific cause can be identified. Ninety to 95 percent of people with hypertension have essential hypertension

Fasting hypoglycemia

A type of hypoglycemia that occurs because the body produce too much insulin even when no food is eaten.

Leukemia

Cancer of blood-forming tissue

Malignant

Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.

Melanoma

A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. melanoma usually begin as a mole.

Metabolic syndrome

A cluster of at least three of the following risk factors for heart disease: hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and excess abdominal fat.

Health disparities

Differences in health outcomes and their determinants between segments of the population, as defined by social, demographic, environmental, and geographic attributes.

Sphygmomanometer

An instrument for measuring blood pressure and especially arterial blood pressure.

Pre-diabetes

Blood glucose levels higher than normal but not high enough to warrant a diagnosis of diabetes

Plaque

A buildup of substances that circulate in the blood on a blood vessel wall, making it vulnerable to blockage from blood clots.

Risk factors

Anything that increases a person's chance of developing a disease, including substances, agents, genetic alterations, traits, habits, or conditions.

Nutrition informatics

The intersection of information, nutrition, and technology.

Benign

Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

Tumor

An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. They can be benign or malignant.

Type 1 diabetes

Diabetes that occur when the body's immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas, causing them to lose their ability to make insulin

Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes that can occur when target cells (fat or muscle cells) lose the ability to respond normally to insulin.

Genes

Sections of DNA that contains hereditary information. Most genes contain information for making protein.

Gestational diabetes

A condition that results in high blood glucose levels during pregnancy

Hypercholesterolemia

The presence of greater than normal amounts of cholesterol in the blood.